Objective:To explore the association between cardiometabolic multimorbidity(CMM), the number of cardiometabolic diseases(CMD)and mild cognitive impairment(MCI)among the older adults in urban communities.Methods:Based on the baseline data of the Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study(HMACS)from 2018 to 2023, CMM was defined as the coexistence of two or more CMDs(Type 2 diabetes, stroke and ischemic heart disease). Multivariate logistic regression was employed to examine the association between CMM, the number of CMDs and the prevalence of MCI, as well as subgroup heterogeneity.Results:This study included 6 113 urban participants aged ≥65 years(55.6% were female; mean age 71.9±5.7 years). The prevalence of MCI was 19.3%, with an increasing trend observed as the number of CMD increased(17.7%, 20.5%, 24.6%, 28.3%). After adjusting for all variables, a significant association was observed between CMM group and the prevalence of MCI( OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01-1.52)compared with the non-CMM group.As the number of CMD increased, the prevalence of MCI increased( Ptrend=0.011), but the association was only significant in the group with two CMDs.Subgroup analyses revealed that in males( OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.10-2.00), those with more than 9 years of education( OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.15-2.02), and those with hypertension( OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05-1.67), CMM was significantly associated with MCI, and the association with MCI increased significantly with the increase in the number of CMDs(all Pfor trend <0.05). Conclusions:Among urban community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years in China, CMM and the cumulative number of CMDs are significantly associated with an increase of MCI, particularly in males, those with higher education levels, and those with hypertension.In the future, the need for enhanced MCI screening for CMM patients should be strengthened, and targeted prevention and control of cognitive impairment should be implemented for high-risk populations.

Objective:To explore the association between cardiometabolic multimorbidity(CMM), the number of cardiometabolic diseases(CMD)and mild cognitive impairment(MCI)among the older adults in urban communities.Methods:Based on the baseline data of the Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study(HMACS)from 2018 to 2023, CMM was defined as the coexistence of two or more CMDs(Type 2 diabetes, stroke and ischemic heart disease). Multivariate logistic regression was employed to examine the association between CMM, the number of CMDs and the prevalence of MCI, as well as subgroup heterogeneity.Results:This study included 6 113 urban participants aged ≥65 years(55.6% were female; mean age 71.9±5.7 years). The prevalence of MCI was 19.3%, with an increasing trend observed as the number of CMD increased(17.7%, 20.5%, 24.6%, 28.3%). After adjusting for all variables, a significant association was observed between CMM group and the prevalence of MCI( OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01-1.52)compared with the non-CMM group.As the number of CMD increased, the prevalence of MCI increased( Ptrend=0.011), but the association was only significant in the group with two CMDs.Subgroup analyses revealed that in males( OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.10-2.00), those with more than 9 years of education( OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.15-2.02), and those with hypertension( OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05-1.67), CMM was significantly associated with MCI, and the association with MCI increased significantly with the increase in the number of CMDs(all Pfor trend <0.05). Conclusions:Among urban community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years in China, CMM and the cumulative number of CMDs are significantly associated with an increase of MCI, particularly in males, those with higher education levels, and those with hypertension.In the future, the need for enhanced MCI screening for CMM patients should be strengthened, and targeted prevention and control of cognitive impairment should be implemented for high-risk populations.

Objective To investigate the association between dietary behavior and mild cognitive impairment(MCI)in older adults,and to further analyze the role of cardiometabolic comorbidities in this relationship.Methods A total of 6599 older adults were recruited from 3 communities and 48 villages in Dawu County between 2018 and 2023 as part of the Hubei Elderly Memory Cohort Study.Dietary behaviors were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and a dietary behavior questionnaire.Latent class analysis was performed to categorize the participants into healthy eat-ing behavior(HEB),sub-healthy eating behavior(SHEB),and unhealthy eating behavior(UEB).Cardiovascular-metabolic diseases were diabetes,hypertension,coronary heart disease,and cere-brovascular disease,which all diagnosed by physicians.MCI was diagnosed by a team of clinical experts according to Peterson's criteria.Multivariable logistic regression model was used to ana-lyze the impact of cardiometabolic comorbidities on the association between dietary behavior and MCI.Results The morbidity rate of MCI was 24.3％,and that of HEB,SHEB and UEB was 16.6％,24.3％and 31.3％,respectively.The incidence of MCI was higher in the participants who were female,over ≥75 years old,unmarried,and lack physical exercise,SHEB and UEB groups,had low educational level,lived in rural areas,had no stable income,had abnormal BMI,and more types of cardiometabolic diseases(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).After adjusting for confounders,multivari-able logistic regression analysis indicated that both UEB(OR=1.220,95％CI:1.004-1.418,P=0.045)and SHEB(OR=1.592,95％CI:1.345-1.883,P=0.001)were positively correlated with MCI risk in older adults.Further stratified analysis by cardiometabolic comorbidities revealed that for the patients in the HEB group,those suffering from hypertension+diabetes+coronary heart disease had the highest risk for MCI(OR=4.220,95％CI:1.913-9.309,P=0.001),while for the SHEB group,the following comorbidities were significantly associated with increased MCI risk:hypertension+diabetes(OR=1.640,95％CI:1.157-2.322,P=0.005),hypertension+cerebro-vascular disease(OR=1.454,95％CI:1.041-2.031,P=0.028),hypertension+diabetes+cere-brovascular disease(OR=2.064,95％CI:1.246-3.419,P=0.005),and hypertension+diabetes+coronary heart disease+cerebrovascular disease(OR=1.974,95％CI:1.036-3.760,P=0.039).Conclusion Older adults with SHEB or UEB have a higher risk of developing MCI,and the pres-ence of cardiometabolic comorbidities further exacerbates this risk.

Objective To investigate the association between dietary behavior and mild cognitive impairment(MCI)in older adults,and to further analyze the role of cardiometabolic comorbidities in this relationship.Methods A total of 6599 older adults were recruited from 3 communities and 48 villages in Dawu County between 2018 and 2023 as part of the Hubei Elderly Memory Cohort Study.Dietary behaviors were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and a dietary behavior questionnaire.Latent class analysis was performed to categorize the participants into healthy eat-ing behavior(HEB),sub-healthy eating behavior(SHEB),and unhealthy eating behavior(UEB).Cardiovascular-metabolic diseases were diabetes,hypertension,coronary heart disease,and cere-brovascular disease,which all diagnosed by physicians.MCI was diagnosed by a team of clinical experts according to Peterson's criteria.Multivariable logistic regression model was used to ana-lyze the impact of cardiometabolic comorbidities on the association between dietary behavior and MCI.Results The morbidity rate of MCI was 24.3％,and that of HEB,SHEB and UEB was 16.6％,24.3％and 31.3％,respectively.The incidence of MCI was higher in the participants who were female,over ≥75 years old,unmarried,and lack physical exercise,SHEB and UEB groups,had low educational level,lived in rural areas,had no stable income,had abnormal BMI,and more types of cardiometabolic diseases(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).After adjusting for confounders,multivari-able logistic regression analysis indicated that both UEB(OR=1.220,95％CI:1.004-1.418,P=0.045)and SHEB(OR=1.592,95％CI:1.345-1.883,P=0.001)were positively correlated with MCI risk in older adults.Further stratified analysis by cardiometabolic comorbidities revealed that for the patients in the HEB group,those suffering from hypertension+diabetes+coronary heart disease had the highest risk for MCI(OR=4.220,95％CI:1.913-9.309,P=0.001),while for the SHEB group,the following comorbidities were significantly associated with increased MCI risk:hypertension+diabetes(OR=1.640,95％CI:1.157-2.322,P=0.005),hypertension+cerebro-vascular disease(OR=1.454,95％CI:1.041-2.031,P=0.028),hypertension+diabetes+cere-brovascular disease(OR=2.064,95％CI:1.246-3.419,P=0.005),and hypertension+diabetes+coronary heart disease+cerebrovascular disease(OR=1.974,95％CI:1.036-3.760,P=0.039).Conclusion Older adults with SHEB or UEB have a higher risk of developing MCI,and the pres-ence of cardiometabolic comorbidities further exacerbates this risk.

Objective To study the effect of hearing loss on language function and the mediating effect of de-pression on hearing loss and language function,to provide a reference for the intervention of language function im-pairment in the elderly.Methods Data of 6 002 older adults ≥65 years old from the Hubei Aging and Memory Co-hort Study(HAMCS)were collected from 2018 to 2022.A multivariate logistic regression model was used to ana-lyze the effect of hearing loss on language function,and a Bootstrap method was used to analyze the mediating effect of depression score on hearing loss on language function.Results Among 6 002 older adults ≥65 years old,1 137(18.94％)had mild hearing loss,264(4.40％)had moderate and severe hearing loss,and 2 611(43.50％)had language function impairment.After controlling for related factors such as age,years of education,marital status,place of residence,physical exercise,intellectual activity,hypertension,coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease,multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of speech function impairment in the elderly with mild hearing loss and moderate to severe hearing loss was 1.33 times(95％CI:1.13～1.56,P=0.001)and 1.77 times(95％CI:1.29～2.42,P＜0.001)respectively.The mediating effect showed that depression played a partial mediating role between hearing loss and language function,and the mediating effect was-0.021(95％CI:-0.027～-0.015,P＜0.001),accounting for 12.96％of the total effects.Conclusion Hearing loss increases the risk of language impairment,and depression playing a partial mediating role between hearing loss and language func-tion in the elderly.

This paper reviews the origin, content and framework, evaluation tools, and application status of Snyder hope theory in clinical nursing practice both domestically and internationally, and explores the application prospects of Snyder hope theory, aiming to provide a basis for promoting its development in nursing.

The Eph protein family,consisting of Eph receptors and their corresponding membrane-anchored protein ligands-Ephrin,is no doubt the largest receptor protein tyrosine kinases family till now.Interactions between Eph receptors and Ephrin ligands based on their special structure might make the Eph protein family one of new targets of disease′s treatment and consequently studies related to Eph proteins and their receptors have draw more and more attention.This overview will focus on recent progresses in the classification,gene expression,protein structure,function and protein-receptor interactions of the Eph protein family and their receptors.Much of the focus of this overview is on their physiological and pathophysiological role in nervous system and their therapeutic perspective from several aspects.

The fasting blood chromium and its area of 83 noninsulindependent diabetics and 24 normal subjects were determined. The results showed that both the fastng blood chromium concentrations (39.9?17.4ppb) and its area (128.8?48.5 ppb/h) of diabetics were significantly lower than that of normal subjects (80.9?28.5 ppb, 270.6?88.4 ppb/h) (P