The ability of cells to sense and adapt to metabolic changes and environmental variations is essential for their functions. Recent advances in synthetic biology have uncovered increasing mechanisms through which cells detect changes in metabolism and environmental conditions, leading to broader applications. However, a systematic review on the regulation of cellular metabolism and environmental adaption is currently lacking. This article presents a comprehensive overview of this field from three perspectives. First, it introduces key transmembrane and sensor proteins involved in the cellular perception of metabolic and environmental changes. Next, it summarizes the adaptive regulation mechanisms that natural cells employ when confronted with intracellular and extracellular metabolic changes. Finally, the review explores the application scenarios based on cellular adaptive regulation in three aspects: dynamic control, rational metabolic engineering, and adaptive evolution and makes an outlook on the future development directions in this field. This review not only provides a comprehensive perspective on the mechanisms by which cells sense metabolic and environmental variations, but also lays a theoretical foundation for further innovations in the field of synthetic biology. With the continuous advancement of future technologies, a deeper understanding of cellular adaptive regulation mechanisms holds great potential to drive the development and application of novel biomanufacturing platforms.
Adaptation, Physiological ; Synthetic Biology ; Metabolic Engineering/methods* ; Environment ; Bacteria/genetics*

The emerging biomedical industry has an increasing demand for the professional talents and puts forward higher requirements for the quality, especially the innovation ability of the talents. Exploring a new model for fostering the innovation ability of postgraduates majoring in biological and medical sciences based on the principle of integrating production, education and research is of practical significance for improving the quality of professional talents and empowering the bio-economic development. Taking the training of innovation ability of postgraduates majoring in biological and medical sciences at Jiangnan University as an example, this paper introduced a new training system of "six integration and six optimizations". This system included ideological guidance, discipline system, training program, faculty, research innovation platform, and communication and cooperation. Satisfactory cultivation results were achieved with this new system. This paper is expected to provide reference for the training of innovative talents in the biological and medical industry.
Biological Science Disciplines/education* ; China ; Biomedical Research ; Humans ; Inventions

Objective:To observe the application of case-based problem-based learning (PBL) teaching in the postgraduate education of radiography.Methods:A total of 48 postgraduates in the Batch 2019/2020 of professional masters majoring in radiography were selected as research objects, and they were divided into observation group ( n=24, Batch 2020) and control group ( n=24, Batch 2019). The students in the control group were taught by traditional teaching, and the students in the observation group were taught by case-based PBL teaching method. The differences in imaging diagnosis level and structured assessment scores of the two groups of students and their evaluation of the teaching process were analyzed. SPSS 20.0 was applied to perform the t test and chi-square test. Results:The imaging diagnosis ability of the students in the observation group (84.98±7.51) was significantly higher than that in the control group (78.21±6.96) , and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The students in the observation group had higher ability of imaging diagnosis skills and case analysis and diagnosis during the structured assessment ( P<0.05). The students in the observation group had higher overall satisfaction with the teaching process than those in the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The case-based PBL teaching is of great help in improving the clinical thinking and imaging diagnosis ability of postgraduates majoring in radiography. In the application, it is necessary to continuously improve and supplement the teaching implementation plan according to the teaching evaluation and feedback.

Human activities increase the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), which leads to global climate warming. Microbial CO₂ fixation is a promising green approach for carbon neutral. In contrast to autotrophic microorganisms, heterotrophic microorganisms are characterized by fast growth and ease of genetic modification, but the efficiency of CO₂ fixation is still limited. In the past decade, synthetic biology-based enhancement of heterotrophic CO₂ fixation has drawn wide attention, including the optimization of energy supply, modification of carboxylation pathway, and heterotrophic microorganisms-based indirect CO₂ fixation. This review focuses on the research progress in CO₂ fixation by heterotrophic microorganisms, which is expected to serve as a reference for peaking CO₂ emission and achieving carbon neutral by microbial CO₂ fixation.
Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism* ; Heterotrophic Processes ; Humans ; Synthetic Biology