Objective:To analyze the changing trends and area specific differences in influenza vaccination coverage in key populations in Shandong Province and provide evidence for influenza prevention and control.Methods:The information about influenza vaccination in Shandong during 2015 to 2024 were collected from the Immunization Information System of Shandong Province, and the annual percentage change and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated by using software Joinpoint 5.3.0. The trend of changes in vaccination coverage was analyzed and area specific differences were compared.Results:From 2015 to 2024, the influenza vaccination coverage in medical personnel ranged from 0.02% to 20.54% in Shandong (AAPC=63.24%, 95% CI: 51.37%-100.65%), showing a rapid increase from 2015 to 2020 ( P<0.001) and a stead decrease from 2020 to 2024 ( P=0.008). The vaccination coverage in teachers and students ranged from 1.51% to 6.88% (AAPC=12.33%, 95% CI: -0.97%-36.27%), with a monotonic increase from 2015 to 2024 ( P=0.070). The vaccination coverage in elderly people aged ≥60 years ranged from 0.03% to 11.68% (AAPC=102.65%, 95% CI: 64.16%-208.69%), with a rapid increase from 2015 to 2017 ( P<0.001), a steady increase from 2017 to 2020 ( P<0.001), and a slower increasee from 2020 to 2024 ( P=0.046). There were area speciific differences in the temporal trend of influenza vaccination coverage. Compared with areas with low gross domestic product (GDP), the areas with high and medium GDP had significantly higher vaccination coverage and increase rates. Conclusions:The influenza vaccination coverage in key populations showed an upward trend in Shandong from 2015 to 2024, and the vaccination coverage in elderly people aged ≥60 years increased significantly. However, it is important to increase vaccination coverage in areas with low GDP and in teachers and students.

Objective: To analyze the institutional and regional differences in influenza vaccination for teachers and students, so as to provide a basis for influenza prevention and control in campus. Methods: Influenza vaccination data for teachers and students in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2024 were collected from Immunization Information Systems. Joinpoint regression models were used to calculate the annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) in first-dose vaccination rates. Results: The vaccination coverages for the first dose of influenza vaccine among teachers in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2024 were 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.15%, 0.29%, 0.60%, 2.06%, 1.64%, 2.27%, 3.00%, and 2.43%, with a turning point in 2020. For preschools, primary/secondary schools, and higher education institutions, APCs during 2015-2020 were 163.36%, 162.09%, and 174.94%, respectively( P <0.01), declining to 9.53%, 9.92%, and 8.14% during 2020-2024( P >0.05). Corresponding AAPCs were 78.32%, 78.13%, and 81.61%( P <0.01). High, middle, and low GDP regions exhibited APCs of 173.84%, 162.75%, and 136.67% during 2015-2020( P <0.01) and 5.77%, 13.92%, and 11.86% during 2020-2024( P >0.05), with AAPCs of 79.42%, 81.23% , and 69.63%( P <0.01), respectively. Among students, vaccination coverage ranged from 1.59% to 7.20%. Preschool students showed no turning points, with an AAPC of 18.73%( P <0.01). Primary/secondary students had turning points in 2018 and 2022, APCs were -32.59% during 2015-2018( P <0.01), 48.45% during 2018-2022( P <0.01), and -26.25% during 2022-2024( P =0.04), yielding an AAPC of -2.32%( P =0.45). Higher education students had a turning point in 2020, with APCs of 63.27% during 2015-2020( P <0.01) and 4.31% during 2020-2024 ( P =0.77), and the AAPC was 33.79% during 2015-2024 ( P <0.01). High, middle, and low GDP regions for students showed no turning points, with AAPCs of 10.46%( P =0.18), 13.67%( P =0.01), and 10.42%( P = 0.05 ), respectively. Conclusions The influenza vaccination rate among teachers and students in Shandong Province has shown an upward trend from 2015 to 2024, but the overall level is still relatively low. However, continued efforts are needed to enhance health education on influenza and vaccination, to further improve the vaccination rate of teachers and students.

Objective:To analyze the changing trends and area specific differences in influenza vaccination coverage in key populations in Shandong Province and provide evidence for influenza prevention and control.Methods:The information about influenza vaccination in Shandong during 2015 to 2024 were collected from the Immunization Information System of Shandong Province, and the annual percentage change and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated by using software Joinpoint 5.3.0. The trend of changes in vaccination coverage was analyzed and area specific differences were compared.Results:From 2015 to 2024, the influenza vaccination coverage in medical personnel ranged from 0.02% to 20.54% in Shandong (AAPC=63.24%, 95% CI: 51.37%-100.65%), showing a rapid increase from 2015 to 2020 ( P<0.001) and a stead decrease from 2020 to 2024 ( P=0.008). The vaccination coverage in teachers and students ranged from 1.51% to 6.88% (AAPC=12.33%, 95% CI: -0.97%-36.27%), with a monotonic increase from 2015 to 2024 ( P=0.070). The vaccination coverage in elderly people aged ≥60 years ranged from 0.03% to 11.68% (AAPC=102.65%, 95% CI: 64.16%-208.69%), with a rapid increase from 2015 to 2017 ( P<0.001), a steady increase from 2017 to 2020 ( P<0.001), and a slower increasee from 2020 to 2024 ( P=0.046). There were area speciific differences in the temporal trend of influenza vaccination coverage. Compared with areas with low gross domestic product (GDP), the areas with high and medium GDP had significantly higher vaccination coverage and increase rates. Conclusions:The influenza vaccination coverage in key populations showed an upward trend in Shandong from 2015 to 2024, and the vaccination coverage in elderly people aged ≥60 years increased significantly. However, it is important to increase vaccination coverage in areas with low GDP and in teachers and students.

Objective:To explore the association between low air temperature and influenza incidence in winter in 31 provinces in China.Methods:Influenza incidence and meteorological data were collected from January, 2004 to December, 2016 in 31 provinces in China. Distributed lag nonlinear model was applied to evaluate the association between low air temperature and influenza incidence in early and late winter, after controlling for the long-term trend, as well as the effect of "day of week" .Results:The influenza incidence increased from 4/100 000 in 2004 to 22/100 000 in 2016 in China, showing an overall increasing trend. The incidences of some provinces were lower than 5/100 000, such as Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Jilin, but the incidences of influenza in Gansu, Hebei, Guangdong, Beijing were higher than 30/100 000 in some years. From January to June, the influenza incidence showed a decreasing trend with the increase of air temperature, but the influenza incidence showed a rising trend from July to December with the decrease of air temperature. In early winter, low air temperature had the highest influence on the incidence of influenza in Beijing, the RR was 2.90 (2.57-3.28), but in late winter, low air temperature had the highest influence on the incidence of influenza in Tibet, the RR was 3.37 (2.03-5.58). In early winter, low temperature had the highest influence on the incidence of influenza in northeastern China, the RR was 2.04 (1.48-2.79), but in late winter, low air temperature had the highest influence in southern China, the RR was 1.77 (1.61-1.94). There were area specific difference in the influence of low air temperature on the incidence of influenza between early winter and late winter. Conclusions:The correlation between low air temperature in winter and influenza incidence exists. The influenza of early and late winter on influenza incidence varies with different areas. We should take appropriate protective measures according to local conditions.

Construction and application of immunization information system is an important part of health information, which is very useful to improve the quality, efficiency and safety of vaccination. The background, system architecture, functions and applications, working conditions and characteristics of Shandong province Immunization Information System (IIS) are introduced in this article. It is expected to provide experiences for the development of immunization information system of other provinces.

Construction and application of immunization information system is an important part of health information, which is very useful to improve the quality, efficiency and safety of vaccination. The background, system architecture, functions and applications, working conditions and characteristics of Shandong province Immunization Information System (IIS) are introduced in this article. It is expected to provide experiences for the development of immunization information system of other provinces.

Construction and application of immunization information system is an important part of health information, which is very useful to improve the quality, efficiency and safety of vaccination. The background, system architecture, functions and applications, working conditions and characteristics of Shandong province Immunization Information System (IIS) are introduced in this article. It is expected to provide experiences for the development of immunization information system of other provinces.