OBJECTIVE To explore the improvement effects of Suting pingchuan decoction （STPC） on bronchial asthma in rats and its potential mechanism. METHODS Male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， STPC low-， medium- and high-dose groups （4.14， 8.28， and 16.56 g/kg， respectively， based on the crude drug dosage）， and dexamethasone group （positive control， 1 mg/kg）， with 8 rats in each group. Except for the blank group， the other groups were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin and challenged by nebulized inhalation of ovalbumin to establish a bronchial asthma model. From the day of nebulization challenge， rats of each group were administered the corresponding drug solution or normal saline by gavage 1 hour before aerosolization， once a day， for 7 consecutive days. During the experiment， behavioral changes in rats of each group were observed. After the last administration， the levels of inflammatory factors （interleukin-1β， interleukin-18） in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF）， and oxidative stress indexes [malondialdehyde （MDA）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）] in lung tissue were determined； pathological changes in lung tissue were observed； cell apoptosis in lung tissue， and the mRNA expression of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing receptor 3 （NLRP3） and the protein expressions of NLRP3， cleaved caspase-1， caspase-1， gasdermin D （GSDMD） and gasdermin D-N-terminal domain （GSDMD-N） in lung tissue were detected. RESULTS Compared with the blank group， rats in the model group showed symptoms such as scratching their ears and noses and frequent sneezing； the lung tissue structure was severely damaged， and there was obvious inflammatory cell infiltration. The levels of inflammatory factors in BALF， as well as the level of MDA， TUNEL-apoptotic cell rate， the mRNA expression of NLRP3， and the protein expressions of NLRP3， cleaved caspase-1， caspase-1， GSDMD-N and GSDMD in lung tissue were significantly increased or up-regulated， while the level of SOD in lung tissue was significantly decreased （ P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， the above symptoms and pathological damages of lung tissue in each drug group were significantly improved， and all quantitative indicators （except for the protein expressions of GSDMD in the STPC groups， as well as the level of SOD， and the protein expressions of cleaved caspase-1， caspase-1 and GSDMD-N in the STPC low-dose group） were significantly reversed （ P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS STPC can improve airway inflammation and lung tissue damage in rats with bronchial asthma， reduce the level of oxidative stress， and decrease the release of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18. Its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of pyroptosis activation mediated by the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and mechanism of modified Xiaoqinglong decoction combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells （BMSCs） on nasal-pulmonary-intestinal mucosal immunity in rats with cold asthma. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， BMSCs group， BMSCs+modified Xiaoqinglong decoction （6.39 g/kg） group， and BMSCs+dexamethasone （0.125 mg/kg） group， with 10 rats in each group. The cold asthma rat model was established by sensitization and atomization challenge with ovalbumin combined with aluminum hydroxide， together with cold air stimulation from air conditioners. One hour before the initial atomization challenge， rats in all groups except the blank group and model group were injected with BMSCs suspension via the tail vein. Starting from the 15th day of the experiment， rats in each group were intragastrically administered corresponding liquid medicine or normal saline once a day for 7 consecutive days. After the last administration， the asthmatic behavioral changes and pathological morphological changes of lung tissues in rats were evaluated. The levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6） and IL-10 in nasopharyngeal lavage fluid， bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） and intestinal mucus were detected. The expression levels of proteins related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway in nasal， lung and intestinal tissues were determined. RESULTS Compared with the blank group， the asthmatic behavioral score， lung tissue injury score， IL-6 levels in nasopharyngeal lavage fluid， BALF and intestinal mucus， PI3K protein expression and Akt phosphorylation levels in nasal， lung and intestinal tissues of rats in the model group were significantly increased （ P ＜0.05）； the IL-10 levels in nasopharyngeal lavage fluid， BALF and intestinal mucus were significantly decreased （ P ＜0.05）. Alveolar atrophy， collapse and even fusion， abnormal hyperplasia and hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle， and massive inflammatory cell infiltration were observed. Compared with the model group， most of the above quantitative indicators in the BMSCs group， BMSCs+modified Xiaoqinglong decoction group and BMSCs+dexamethasone group were significantly reversed （ P ＜0.05）， and pathological injuries of lung tissues were markedly alleviated. Compared with the BMSCs group， most of the above quantitative indicators were further improved in the BMSCs+modified Xiaoqinglong decoction group （ P ＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Modified Xiaoqinglong decoction combined with BMSCs can effectively improve nasal-pulmonary-intestinal mucosal immunity and relieve asthmatic symptoms in cold asthma rats， and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and mechanism of modified Xiaoqinglong decoction combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells （BMSCs） on nasal-pulmonary-intestinal mucosal immunity in rats with cold asthma. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， BMSCs group， BMSCs+modified Xiaoqinglong decoction （6.39 g/kg） group， and BMSCs+dexamethasone （0.125 mg/kg） group， with 10 rats in each group. The cold asthma rat model was established by sensitization and atomization challenge with ovalbumin combined with aluminum hydroxide， together with cold air stimulation from air conditioners. One hour before the initial atomization challenge， rats in all groups except the blank group and model group were injected with BMSCs suspension via the tail vein. Starting from the 15th day of the experiment， rats in each group were intragastrically administered corresponding liquid medicine or normal saline once a day for 7 consecutive days. After the last administration， the asthmatic behavioral changes and pathological morphological changes of lung tissues in rats were evaluated. The levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6） and IL-10 in nasopharyngeal lavage fluid， bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） and intestinal mucus were detected. The expression levels of proteins related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway in nasal， lung and intestinal tissues were determined. RESULTS Compared with the blank group， the asthmatic behavioral score， lung tissue injury score， IL-6 levels in nasopharyngeal lavage fluid， BALF and intestinal mucus， PI3K protein expression and Akt phosphorylation levels in nasal， lung and intestinal tissues of rats in the model group were significantly increased （ P ＜0.05）； the IL-10 levels in nasopharyngeal lavage fluid， BALF and intestinal mucus were significantly decreased （ P ＜0.05）. Alveolar atrophy， collapse and even fusion， abnormal hyperplasia and hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle， and massive inflammatory cell infiltration were observed. Compared with the model group， most of the above quantitative indicators in the BMSCs group， BMSCs+modified Xiaoqinglong decoction group and BMSCs+dexamethasone group were significantly reversed （ P ＜0.05）， and pathological injuries of lung tissues were markedly alleviated. Compared with the BMSCs group， most of the above quantitative indicators were further improved in the BMSCs+modified Xiaoqinglong decoction group （ P ＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Modified Xiaoqinglong decoction combined with BMSCs can effectively improve nasal-pulmonary-intestinal mucosal immunity and relieve asthmatic symptoms in cold asthma rats， and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo investigate the application of central auditory testing combined with electroencephalographic features in the early screening of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. MethodsA convenience sampling method was used to conduct a field survey in the Qixia District of Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, from July to September, 2025. A total of 40 older adults diagnosed as mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease and 23 cognitively normal older adults were recruited. Auditory N-back and dichotic listening paradigms were employed for assessment, while the scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Beijing Version (MoCA-BJ) and 32-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) data were simultaneously collected. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to identify predictive indicators, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. ResultsThe total score of dichotic listening was positively correlated with overall cognitive function (r = 0.475, P < 0.01), while right-ear advantage showed negative correlations with overall cognition, visuospatial ability, abstract reasoning, and delayed recall (r < -0.276, P < 0.05). Task performance across all conditions of the N-back task was positively correlated with overall cognitive function (r > 0.249, P < 0.05). Regarding EEG features, δ and θ band power and power peaks were positively correlated with delayed recall (r > 0.258, P < 0.05), whereas (α+θ)/(α+β) and θ/(α+β) were positively correlated with naming ability and visuospatial executive function, respectively (r > 0.261, P < 0.05). The results of the binary logistic regression analysis showed that the total score of binaural dichotic listening, the accuracy of 1-back task, the average power of δ waves, and the ratio of θ/(α+β) were independent influencing factors for mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (P < 0.05). The ROC analysis indicated that the AUC for auditory task performance and EEG features were 0.845 and 0.735 respectively, and when combined, the AUC increased to 0.862. ConclusionThe screening model based on the integration of auditory task performance and EEG features can be used in the early identification of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease.

Objective To explore the quantitative electroencephalography(qEEG)characteristics of the prefrontal cortex in patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)during digital screening tasks for MCI screening.Methods A total of 592 MCI patients(MCI group)and 317 normal cognitively elderly individuals(control group)were recruited from 40 communities in Nanjing,Jiangsu Province,from July to August,2024.All participants were as-sessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Beijing Version(MoCA-BJ).Prefrontal EEG data were collected using a portable EEG device,and power spectral analysis was performed via Fast Fourier Transform.An XG-Boost algorithm was employed to construct an MCI identification model based on qEEG power features,and the model's performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results Compared with the control group,prefrontal δ,α,and β band power increased during screening tasks in MCI group(P<0.05);δ power was negatively correlated with MoCA-BJ total scores,and visuospatial/executive func-tion,attention and delayed recall scores(r=-0.269,-0.169,-0.133,-0.171,P<0.001);α power was negative-ly correlated with MoCA-BJ total scores,attention and delayed recall scores(r=-0.113,-0.075,-0.091,P<0.05).The XGBoost model based on δ and α power was excellent in MCI identification,with an area under the curve of 0.91,accuracy of 0.81,precision of 0.89,F1 score of 0.84,recall of 0.80,and specificity of 0.81.Conclusion MCI patients exhibit increased power in the prefrontal δ and α frequency bands during digital screening tasks,which is associated with cognitive decline.An XGBoost model based on qEEG power features can enable early prediction of MCI.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between retinoblastoma binding protein 1 (RB1) gene deletion and the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, and the possible effect of renal insufficiency on it.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data and follow-up information of MM patients who were treated in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from December 2020 to November 2023 were collected. According to the presence of RB1 gene deletion in bone marrow samples detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the patients were divided into the RB1 gene deletion group and the RB1 gene non-deletion group, and the clinicopathological characteristics and hematological index levels were compared between the two groups. Renal insufficiency was determined by renal function assessment indicator serum creatinine (Scr) >177 μmol/L. The Spearman test was used to analyze the relationship between the number of RB1 gene deletion positive cells and levels of Scr, hemoglobin and serum calcium in MM patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze progression-free survival (PFS), and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the influencing factors of PFS in all MM patients and RB1 gene deletion and non-deletion MM patients.Results:A total of 75 MM patients were enrolled, of whom 24 (32.0%) had RB1 gene deletion. There were no significant differences in gender, age ≥65 years old, bone destruction and lactate dehydrogenase level between the RB1 gene deletion and non-deletion groups (all P > 0.05). There were significant differences in the distributions of patients in each stage of MM International Staging System (ISS) and revised International Staging System (R-ISS) between the two groups, as well as in hemoglobin, serum calcium, Scr, β 2-microglobulin, serum albumin levels, and the proportion of bone marrow plasma cells (all P < 0.05). The number of RB1 gene deletion positive cells was positively correlated with Scr level ( r = 0.863, P = 0.016), but not with hemoglobin and serum calcium levels (both P > 0.05). The PFS of the RB1 gene non-deletion group was better than that of the RB1 gene deletion group (1-year PFS rate: 83.5% vs. 71.7%, 2-year PFS rate: 56.3% vs. 26.3%), and the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.012). PFS in the non-renal insufficiency group was better than that in the renal insufficiency group (1-year PFS rate: 85.6% vs. 61.9%, 2-year PFS rate: 58.0% vs. 13.5%), and the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.001). The PFS of patients without renal insufficiency in both the RB1 gene deletion and non-deletion groups was better than that in patients with renal insufficiency, and the differences were statistically significant (both P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that ISS stage Ⅲ was an independent risk factor for poor PFS in MM patients (stage Ⅲ vs. stage Ⅰ, HR = 11.317, 95% CI: 1.220-104.979, P = 0.033). Multivariate Cox regression analysis in RB1 gene deletion and non-deletion groups showed that ISS stage Ⅲ (stage Ⅲ vs. stageⅠ, HR = 4.166, 95% CI: 1.419-12.225, P = 0.009), R-ISS stage Ⅲ (stage Ⅲ vs. stage Ⅰ, HR = 3.800, 95% CI: 1.005-14.367, P = 0.049), serum calcium > 2.52 mmol/L (> 2.52 mmol/L vs. ≤2.52 mmol/L, HR = 2.398, 95% CI: 1.037-5.546, P = 0.041) and renal insufficiency (yes vs. no, HR = 2.363, 95% CI: 1.021-5.472, P = 0.045) were independent risk factors for poor PFS in RB1 gene non-deletion MM patients, and serum calcium >2.52 mmol/L (>2.52 mmol/L vs. ≤ 2.52 mmol/L, HR = 3.673, 95% CI: 1.160-11.627, P = 0.027) and renal insufficiency (yes vs. no, HR = 3.985, 95% CI: 1.220-13.016, P = 0.022) were independent risk factors for poor PFS in RB1 gene deletion MM patients. Conclusions:The PFS of MM patients with RB1 gene deletion is worse than that of patients without RB1 gene deletion, RB1 gene deletion may be related to renal insufficiency in MM patients, and the prognosis of MM patients with RB1 gene deletion and renal insufficiency may be worse.

Objective To explore the quantitative electroencephalography(qEEG)characteristics of the prefrontal cortex in patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)during digital screening tasks for MCI screening.Methods A total of 592 MCI patients(MCI group)and 317 normal cognitively elderly individuals(control group)were recruited from 40 communities in Nanjing,Jiangsu Province,from July to August,2024.All participants were as-sessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Beijing Version(MoCA-BJ).Prefrontal EEG data were collected using a portable EEG device,and power spectral analysis was performed via Fast Fourier Transform.An XG-Boost algorithm was employed to construct an MCI identification model based on qEEG power features,and the model's performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results Compared with the control group,prefrontal δ,α,and β band power increased during screening tasks in MCI group(P<0.05);δ power was negatively correlated with MoCA-BJ total scores,and visuospatial/executive func-tion,attention and delayed recall scores(r=-0.269,-0.169,-0.133,-0.171,P<0.001);α power was negative-ly correlated with MoCA-BJ total scores,attention and delayed recall scores(r=-0.113,-0.075,-0.091,P<0.05).The XGBoost model based on δ and α power was excellent in MCI identification,with an area under the curve of 0.91,accuracy of 0.81,precision of 0.89,F1 score of 0.84,recall of 0.80,and specificity of 0.81.Conclusion MCI patients exhibit increased power in the prefrontal δ and α frequency bands during digital screening tasks,which is associated with cognitive decline.An XGBoost model based on qEEG power features can enable early prediction of MCI.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between retinoblastoma binding protein 1 (RB1) gene deletion and the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, and the possible effect of renal insufficiency on it.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data and follow-up information of MM patients who were treated in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from December 2020 to November 2023 were collected. According to the presence of RB1 gene deletion in bone marrow samples detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the patients were divided into the RB1 gene deletion group and the RB1 gene non-deletion group, and the clinicopathological characteristics and hematological index levels were compared between the two groups. Renal insufficiency was determined by renal function assessment indicator serum creatinine (Scr) >177 μmol/L. The Spearman test was used to analyze the relationship between the number of RB1 gene deletion positive cells and levels of Scr, hemoglobin and serum calcium in MM patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze progression-free survival (PFS), and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the influencing factors of PFS in all MM patients and RB1 gene deletion and non-deletion MM patients.Results:A total of 75 MM patients were enrolled, of whom 24 (32.0%) had RB1 gene deletion. There were no significant differences in gender, age ≥65 years old, bone destruction and lactate dehydrogenase level between the RB1 gene deletion and non-deletion groups (all P > 0.05). There were significant differences in the distributions of patients in each stage of MM International Staging System (ISS) and revised International Staging System (R-ISS) between the two groups, as well as in hemoglobin, serum calcium, Scr, β 2-microglobulin, serum albumin levels, and the proportion of bone marrow plasma cells (all P < 0.05). The number of RB1 gene deletion positive cells was positively correlated with Scr level ( r = 0.863, P = 0.016), but not with hemoglobin and serum calcium levels (both P > 0.05). The PFS of the RB1 gene non-deletion group was better than that of the RB1 gene deletion group (1-year PFS rate: 83.5% vs. 71.7%, 2-year PFS rate: 56.3% vs. 26.3%), and the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.012). PFS in the non-renal insufficiency group was better than that in the renal insufficiency group (1-year PFS rate: 85.6% vs. 61.9%, 2-year PFS rate: 58.0% vs. 13.5%), and the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.001). The PFS of patients without renal insufficiency in both the RB1 gene deletion and non-deletion groups was better than that in patients with renal insufficiency, and the differences were statistically significant (both P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that ISS stage Ⅲ was an independent risk factor for poor PFS in MM patients (stage Ⅲ vs. stage Ⅰ, HR = 11.317, 95% CI: 1.220-104.979, P = 0.033). Multivariate Cox regression analysis in RB1 gene deletion and non-deletion groups showed that ISS stage Ⅲ (stage Ⅲ vs. stageⅠ, HR = 4.166, 95% CI: 1.419-12.225, P = 0.009), R-ISS stage Ⅲ (stage Ⅲ vs. stage Ⅰ, HR = 3.800, 95% CI: 1.005-14.367, P = 0.049), serum calcium > 2.52 mmol/L (> 2.52 mmol/L vs. ≤2.52 mmol/L, HR = 2.398, 95% CI: 1.037-5.546, P = 0.041) and renal insufficiency (yes vs. no, HR = 2.363, 95% CI: 1.021-5.472, P = 0.045) were independent risk factors for poor PFS in RB1 gene non-deletion MM patients, and serum calcium >2.52 mmol/L (>2.52 mmol/L vs. ≤ 2.52 mmol/L, HR = 3.673, 95% CI: 1.160-11.627, P = 0.027) and renal insufficiency (yes vs. no, HR = 3.985, 95% CI: 1.220-13.016, P = 0.022) were independent risk factors for poor PFS in RB1 gene deletion MM patients. Conclusions:The PFS of MM patients with RB1 gene deletion is worse than that of patients without RB1 gene deletion, RB1 gene deletion may be related to renal insufficiency in MM patients, and the prognosis of MM patients with RB1 gene deletion and renal insufficiency may be worse.

Objective:To understand the use of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and analyze related factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Qingdao, and provide a reference for the AIDS prevention and control in this population.Methods:A cross-sectional survey conducted from April 2022 to February 2023. Relying on MSM social groups in Qingdao, a snowball sampling method was applied to recruit research subjects who met the inclusion criteria of age ≥18 years old, having had homosexual anal or oral sex in the past six months, and HIV-negative or infection status unknown. The sample size was estimated at 566. Data on demographic characteristics, sexual behavior characteristics, PEP use, and others of the research subjects was collected through on-site questionnaires. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors associated with using PEP.Results:A total of 811 participants were recruited, mainly aged 25-34 (53.6%, 435/811), unmarried (74.7%, 606/811), with an average monthly income of ≥5 000 yuan (52.2%, 423/811), and having lived in Qingdao for ≥10 years (75.6%, 613/811). The proportion of those who knew the HIV status of their sexual partners in the last six months was 67.1% (544/811), and those with HIV-positive partners were 3.6% (29/811). In the last six months, the proportion of participants who had group sex (86.4%, 701/811), unprotected anal sex (98.2%, 796/811), and use of club drugs (80.3%, 651/811) was high. Moreover, 28.4% (230/811) had used PEP. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the factors related to the use of PEP included divorced or widowed (a OR=5.46,95% CI:1.96-15.17), average monthly income ≥5 000 yuan (a OR=2.04,95% CI:1.44-2.89), same-sex sexual orientation (a OR=0.40,95% CI:0.22-0.71), having HIV-positive sexual partners in the last six months (a OR=2.54,95% CI:1.13-5.71) and having been tested for HIV ≥3 times in the last six months (a OR=1.46,95% CI:1.04-2.06). Conclusions:The prevalence of risk behaviors among MSM in Qingdao was high, and the use of PEP was low. In the future, it is essential to increase HIV/AIDS prevention education among MSM, promote MSM to know the HIV status of their sexual partners, and reduce the prevalence of risk behaviors among this population. Additionally, explore medical insurance reimbursement plans for PEP to reduce utilization costs and promote the use of PEP by MSM after HIV exposure occurs as soon as possible.

Objective To investigate immunogenic and toxic effects of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles in mouse skeletal muscles and in human blood in vitro. Methods GO nanoparticles prepared using a probe sonicator were supended in deionized H2O or PBS, and particle size and surface charge of the nanoparticles were measured with dynamic light scattering (DLS). Different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL) of GO suspension or PBS were injected at multiple sites in the gastrocnemius muscle (GN) of C57BL/6 mice, and inflammatory response and immune cell infiltrations were detected with HE and immunofluorescence staining. We also examined the effects of GO nanoparticles on human red blood cell (RBC) morphology, hemolysis and blood coagulation using scanning electron microscope (SEM), spectrophotometry, and thromboelastography (TEG). Results GO nanoparticles suspended in PBS exhibited better colloidal dispersity, stability and surface charge effects than those in deionized H2O. In mouse GNs, injection of GO suspensions dose- and time-dependently resulted in sustained muscular inflammation and myofiber degeneration at the injection sites, which lasted till 8 weeks after the injection; immunofluorescence staining revealed obvious infiltration of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and CD4+T cells around the injection sites in mouse GNs. In human RBCs, incubation with GO suspensions at 0.2, 2.0 and 20 mg/mL, but not at 0.002 or 0.02 mg/mL, caused significant alterations of cell morphology and hemolysis. TEG analysis showed significant abnormalities of blood coagulation parameters following treatment with high concentrations of GO. Conclusion GO nanoparticles can induce sustained inflammatory and immunological responses in mouse GNs and cause RBC hemolysis and blood coagulation impairment, suggesting its muscular toxicity and hematotoxicity at high concentrations.