Eosinophilic gastroenteritis(EG)is a rare disease characterized by abnormal infiltration of eosinophils(Eos)in gastrointestinal tissues.Due to the unclear pathogenesis of EG and the lack of effective therapeutic drugs,research on its novel mechanisms,targets and drugs is critical.This article starts by outlining the research progress in the pathogenesis of EG,involving IgE mediated typeⅠimmediate allergic reactions and T helper 2 cell(Th2)mediated delayed allergic reactions.Then,the related targets of EG are summarized,including Th2 cytokines and factors regulating Eos function,but there has been no breakthrough in the treatment of these targets.Finally,the therapeutic drugs for EG are reviewed,such as glucocorticoids,antiallergic drugs and biologics.The advantages and disadvantages of various drugs are also described.However,these drugs cannot meet the current demands of clinical treatment and there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic drugs.It is believed that multi-target therapy is an ideal treatment for EG,and that traditional Chinese medicine and natural products should be the priorities of research and development for EG therapeutic drugs in the future.This review is expected to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment strategies and drug development of EG.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of salvianolic acid A(SAA)on functions of neutro-phils after activation in vitro.METHODS Rat neutrophils were extracted and activated by lipopolysac-charide(LPS)at 0.3,1,3 mg·L-1,and the number of adherent neutrophils and myeloperoxidase(MPO)activity were detected to determine the concentration of LPS.Neutrophils were divided into the control,model,model+4-aminobenzohydrazide(ABH)20 μmol·L-1,and model+SAA 1,3 and 10 μmol·L-1 groups.LPS was stimulated with 3 mg·L-1 for 30 min,and the neutrophil adhesion rate was detected by immunofluorescence after 1 h of drug incubation.After 2 h of drug incubation,phagocytosis of neutro-phils was detected by immunofluorescence and fluorescein isothiocyanate-immunoglobulin G.After 3 h of drug incubation,the neutrophil adhesion rate to endothelial cells was detected by colorimetric assay.Intracellular MPO activity and hypochlorous acid(HOCl)production were investigated by colorimetric assay in response to the degranulation function.Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels were detected by probe assay,and mitochondrial membrane potential by JC-1 assay.The levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione(GSH)and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)were measured to reflect oxidation function of neutrophils.RESULTS LPS increased the number of adherent cells and MPO activity in a concentration-dependent manner,with 3 mg·L-1 of LPS showing the most significant effect,which was used for subsequent experiments.Compared with the control group,LPS-activated neutrophil adhesion and phagocytosis were significantly enhanced.MPO activity and HOCl production significantly increased.The levels of ROS and MDA in LPS-activated neutrophils were significantly increased while the mitochondrial membrane potential and the levels of SOD,GSH,T-AOC were significantly decreased,indicating that the oxidative stress ability was enhanced.Compared with the model group,SAA dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced adhesion,phagocytosis,degranu-lation,and ROS generation of neutrophils,with significant effects at medium and high doses.CONCLU-SION SAA can inhibit different functions of neutrophils after activation,which may be a potential drug for targeting neutrophil function regulation.

BACKGROUND:Repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation(rTSMS)can inhibit inflammatory responses following spinal cord injury.rTSMS applies magnetic field stimulation to the spinal cord region to modulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission,thereby promoting plasticity and repair of the nervous system. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of rTSMS on the Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor(NF)-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway after spinal cord injury and explore its mechanism in promoting motor function recovery. METHODS:Male C57BL/6J mice,SPF grade,were randomly divided into sham surgery group,spinal cord injury group,and rTSMS group.The latter two groups of mice were anesthetized and the T9 vertebral plate was removed using rongeur forceps to expose the spinal cord,and the spinal cord was clamped using a small aneurysm clip for 20 seconds to establish the spinal cord injury model.Mice in the rTSMS group underwent a 21-day rTSMS intervention starting on day 1 after spinal cord injury.The stimulation lasted 10 minutes per day,5 days per week with an interval of 2 days.Basso Mouse Scale scores were used to assess motor function recovery in mice after spinal cord injury at 1,3,7,14,and 21 days after spinal cord injury.Western blot was employed to detect the expression of AQP4,apoptotic factors Bax,Bcl-2,CL-Caspase-3,inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α,interferon-γ,interleukin-6,interleukin-4,and the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway related proteins in the injured spinal cord.Oxidative stress assay kit was used to measure the activity of superoxide dismutase,glutathione peroxidase,and malondialdehyde content at the site of spinal cord injury.Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect the expression of neuronal nuclei(NeuN). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The Basso Mouse Scale score in the rTSMS group was significantly higher than that in the spinal cord injury group(P<0.05).Compared with the spinal cord injury group,the rTSMS group showed a reduction in spinal cord water content.The expression of AQP4 protein,malondialdehyde content,and expression of Bax,Bcl-2,CL-Caspase-3,tumor necrosis factor-α,interferon-γ,interleukin-6,and TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway related proteins were all decreased in the rTSMS group,while the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase,as well as the expression of Bcl-2,interleukin-4,and NeuN,were all increased(P<0.05).These results suggest that rTSMS downregulates the expression of proteins related to the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway,alleviating symptoms after spinal cord injury such as spinal cord edema,oxidative stress,apoptosis,and inflammation,exerting neuroprotective effects,and thereby promoting the recovery of hindlimb motor function after spinal cord injury.

This article reports 2 cases of urinary retention in Alzheimer's disease with agitation treated by acupuncture. Based on patients' clinical symptoms, the etiology and pathogenesis were determined, and acupuncture was applied to Baihui (GV20), Sishencong (EX-HN1), Shenting (GV24), and bilateral Ciliao (BL32), Zhongliao (BL33), Fengchi (GB20), Taiyang (EX-HN5), etc. to regulate the mind and promote water metabolism. The positive and negative electrodes of the SDZ-Ⅴ type electroacupuncture device were attached to ipsilateral Ciliao (BL32), Zhongliao (BL33) respectively, with continuous wave, at the frequency of 15 Hz, and the current of 3 to 10 mA, depending on patients' tolerance. The needles were retained for 20 min. The treatment was delivered once every other day, 3 interventions a week and 12 interventions as 1 course. Both patients reported the micturition desire after 1 intervention with acupuncture and the catheter was removed on the same day. The urination was ameliorated without dysuresia after 1-2 courses of treatment, and the agitated behavior was alleviated. It can be the reference for the clinical treatment of urinary retention in patients with Alzheimer's disease with agitation.
Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/psychology* ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Urinary Retention/etiology* ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Acupuncture Points ; Psychomotor Agitation/complications*

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis(EG)is a rare disease characterized by abnormal infiltration of eosinophils(Eos)in gastrointestinal tissues.Due to the unclear pathogenesis of EG and the lack of effective therapeutic drugs,research on its novel mechanisms,targets and drugs is critical.This article starts by outlining the research progress in the pathogenesis of EG,involving IgE mediated typeⅠimmediate allergic reactions and T helper 2 cell(Th2)mediated delayed allergic reactions.Then,the related targets of EG are summarized,including Th2 cytokines and factors regulating Eos function,but there has been no breakthrough in the treatment of these targets.Finally,the therapeutic drugs for EG are reviewed,such as glucocorticoids,antiallergic drugs and biologics.The advantages and disadvantages of various drugs are also described.However,these drugs cannot meet the current demands of clinical treatment and there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic drugs.It is believed that multi-target therapy is an ideal treatment for EG,and that traditional Chinese medicine and natural products should be the priorities of research and development for EG therapeutic drugs in the future.This review is expected to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment strategies and drug development of EG.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of salvianolic acid A(SAA)on functions of neutro-phils after activation in vitro.METHODS Rat neutrophils were extracted and activated by lipopolysac-charide(LPS)at 0.3,1,3 mg·L-1,and the number of adherent neutrophils and myeloperoxidase(MPO)activity were detected to determine the concentration of LPS.Neutrophils were divided into the control,model,model+4-aminobenzohydrazide(ABH)20 μmol·L-1,and model+SAA 1,3 and 10 μmol·L-1 groups.LPS was stimulated with 3 mg·L-1 for 30 min,and the neutrophil adhesion rate was detected by immunofluorescence after 1 h of drug incubation.After 2 h of drug incubation,phagocytosis of neutro-phils was detected by immunofluorescence and fluorescein isothiocyanate-immunoglobulin G.After 3 h of drug incubation,the neutrophil adhesion rate to endothelial cells was detected by colorimetric assay.Intracellular MPO activity and hypochlorous acid(HOCl)production were investigated by colorimetric assay in response to the degranulation function.Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels were detected by probe assay,and mitochondrial membrane potential by JC-1 assay.The levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione(GSH)and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)were measured to reflect oxidation function of neutrophils.RESULTS LPS increased the number of adherent cells and MPO activity in a concentration-dependent manner,with 3 mg·L-1 of LPS showing the most significant effect,which was used for subsequent experiments.Compared with the control group,LPS-activated neutrophil adhesion and phagocytosis were significantly enhanced.MPO activity and HOCl production significantly increased.The levels of ROS and MDA in LPS-activated neutrophils were significantly increased while the mitochondrial membrane potential and the levels of SOD,GSH,T-AOC were significantly decreased,indicating that the oxidative stress ability was enhanced.Compared with the model group,SAA dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced adhesion,phagocytosis,degranu-lation,and ROS generation of neutrophils,with significant effects at medium and high doses.CONCLU-SION SAA can inhibit different functions of neutrophils after activation,which may be a potential drug for targeting neutrophil function regulation.

Objectives:To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP)combined with facet joint block(FJB)in treating distal lumbosacral pain(DLP)in patients with osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral fractures(OTVF).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 80 patients with OTVF accompanied with DLP treated in our hospital from January 2022 to July 2023.Among the patients,40 were treated with PVP(PVP group),including 7 males and 33 females,aged 75.2±6.0(65-89)years old;And 40 were treated with PVP and FJB(PVP+FJB group),including 11 males and 29 females,aged 76.6±6.6(62-89)years old.The complications were observed and compared between the two groups.The visual analogue scale(VAS)score and Oswestry disability index(ODI)were analyzed and compared preoperatively and at 1d,1 month,and 6 months postoperatively to assess the pain status and quality of life of the patients.Results:All the patients successfully completed operation without complictions.The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 12 months,with an average of 7.2±2.6 months.The VAS score and ODI were improved in both groups after operation,and the differences compared with before operation were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At postoperative 1d and 1 month,the PVP+FJB group showed significant improvement in VAS score and ODI comparing to the PVP group,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).However,at 6 months postoperatively,there was no statistically significant difference in VAS score and ODI between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:PVP combined with FJB has a good clinical effect in the treatment of OTVF with DLP.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous vertebral-disc plasty (PVDP) in the treatment of very severe osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (vsOVCF).Methods:A total of 26 patients with vsOVCF were treated by PVDP at Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University from November 2019 to August 2021. They were 8 males and 18 females with an age of (77.9±5.2) years. Fracture sites: T11 in 9 cases, T12 in 13 cases, L1 in 7 cases, and L2 in 2 cases. The loss of vertebral height exceeded 2/3 of its original height. The curative effects were evaluated by comparing the visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI) and local kyphosis angle (LKA) at preoperation, 1 day postoperation and the last follow-up.Results:This cohort was followed up for 12(10, 15) months. No obvious neurological damage or other serious complications occurred. The VAS scores [(2.9±0.7) and (2.2±0.7) points] and ODIs [28.0%±4.8% and 16.9%±4.0%] at 1 day postoperation and the final follow-up were significantly lower than the preoperative values respectively [(6.7±0.8) points and 66.7%±6.0%], and the values at the last follow-up were significantly lower than those at 1 day postoperation ( P<0.05). The LKAs at 1 day postoperation and the last follow-up (18.1°±4.1° and 19.5°±4.4°) were significantly smaller than that before operation (32.0°±5.2°) ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between 1 day postoperation and the last follow-up in LKA ( P>0.05). Conclusion:PVDP is an effective surgical treatment of vsOVCF, because it can relieve pain and improve local kyphosis with satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exert an essential contribution to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to investigate the differences of miRNAs in the presence and absence of T2DM in patients with obesity, as well as before and after bariatric surgery in T2DM patients with obesity. Characterization of the common changes in both was further analyzed. Methods: We enrolled 15 patients with obesity but without T2DM and 15 patients with both obesity and T2DM. Their preoperative clinical data and serum samples were collected, as well as 1 month after bariatric surgery. The serum samples were analyzed by miRNA sequencing, and the miRNAs profiles and target genes characteristics were compared. Results: Patients with T2DM had 16 up-regulated and 32 down-regulated miRNAs compared to patients without T2DM. Improvement in metabolic metrics after bariatric surgery of T2DM patients with obesity was correlated with changes in miRNAs, as evidenced by the upregulation of 20 miRNAs and the downregulation of 30 miRNAs. Analysis of the two miRNAs profiles identified seven intersecting miRNAs that showed opposite changes. The target genes of these seven miRNAs were substantially enriched in terms or pathways associated with T2DM. Conclusion We determined the expression profiles of miRNAs in the obese population, with and without diabetes, before and after bariatric surgery. The miRNAs that intersected in the two comparisons were discovered. Both the miRNAs discovered and their target genes were closely associated with T2DM, demonstrating that they might be potential targets for the regulation of T2DM.

Sarcopenia,also known as"oligomyositis""hypomyositis"and"muscle wasting",is an age-related geriatric syndrome characterized by decreased muscle mass,muscle strength and function decline.It can increase the risk of adverse out-comes such as physical disability,poor quality of life,and death.The pathogenic factors of sarcopenia mainly include older age,diseases,lack of exercise,malnutrition,etc.As one of the key factors affecting sarcopenia,the nutritional status of the body play an important role in the development of sarcopenia.Therefore,this paper reviews the role of nutrition in sarcopenia and nutritional interventions for patients with common chronic diseases combined with sarcopenia,aiming to provide a basis for the developing more scientific and rationalized nutritional intervention program for elderly patients with sarcopenia.