As non-invasive drug delivery systems,transdermal patches can deliver drugs through the intact skin at a fixed dose and a adjustable rate in order to product a systemic or local therapeutic effect.Focused on the key quality attributes of transdermal patches,the article illustrated the testing methods and how to control key points.It also briefly described the testing methods and standards of some other characteristics referring to pharmacopoeia,current policies and regulations in various countries,which provided a reference for pharmaceutical industries and relevant departments to improve the quality control methods and standards.

Objective This article aimed to explore the inhibitory effect of β-ionone(BI)on the proliferation of breast canc-er cells through the nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)pathway and its possible mechanism.Methods The methylene blue assay and MTT assay were used to determine the viability of breast cancer cells.The malachite green phosphate assay was used to detect the ac-tivity of protein phosphatase 2A(PP2A).Western blot was used to detect the levels of phosphorylated P65(s534 and s311)(p-P65),PP2A(A,B and C),and phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutant(p-ATM)(s1981)protein.Results BI could significant-ly inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer BT549 cells and MCF-7 cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).After treated with BI,NF-κB activity was significantly inhibited in MCF-7 cells,as shown by a significant decrease in the level of phosphorylated P65(s311 and s534)protein and an increase in the level of PP2A pro-tein,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).In addition,BI also significantly reduced the phosphorylation of P65 protein and ATM protein in MCF-7 cells by the PP2A inhibitor-okada acid(OA).Conclusion This study shows that BI inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells by inhibiting NF-κB activity,and its mechanism may be achieved by increasing PP2A activity to regulate the NF-κB pathway.

Objective     To explore the correlation between the quantitative and qualitative features of CT images and the invasiveness of pulmonary ground-glass nodules, providing reference value for preoperative planning of patients with ground-glass nodules. Methods    The patients with ground-glass nodules who underwent surgical treatment and were diagnosed with pulmonary adenocarcinoma from September 2020 to July 2022 at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University were collected. Based on the pathological diagnosis results, they were divided into two groups: a non-invasive adenocarcinoma group with in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and an invasive adenocarcinoma group. Imaging features were collected, and a univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted on the clinical and imaging data of the patients. Variables with statistical difference were selected for multivariate logistic regression analysis to establish a predictive model of invasive adenocarcinoma based on independent risk factors. Finally, the sensitivity and specificity were calculated based on the Youden index. Results     A total of 555 patients were collected. The were 310 patients in the non-invasive adenocarcinoma group, including 235 females and 75 males, with a meadian age of 49 (43, 58) years, and 245 patients in the invasive adenocarcinoma group, including 163 females and 82 males, with a meadian age of 53 (46, 61) years. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that the maximum diameter (OR=4.707, 95%CI 2.060 to 10.758), consolidation/tumor ratio (CTR, OR=1.027, 95%CI 1.011 to 1.043), maximum CT value (OR=1.025, 95%CI 1.004 to 1.047), mean CT value (OR=1.035, 95%CI 1.008 to 1.063), spiculation sign (OR=2.055, 95%CI 1.148 to 3.679), and vascular convergence sign (OR=2.508, 95%CI 1.345 to 4.676) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of invasive adenocarcinoma (P<0.05). Based on the independent predictive factors, a predictive model of invasive adenocarcinoma was constructed. The formula for the model prediction was: Logit(P)=–1.293+1.549×maximum diameter of lesion+0.026×CTR+0.025×maximum CT value+0.034×mean CT value+0.72×spiculation sign+0.919×vascular convergence sign. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model was 0.910 (95%CI 0.885 to 0.934), indicating that the model had good discrimination ability. The calibration curve showed that the predictive model had good calibration, and the decision analysis curve showed that the model had good clinical utility. Conclusion     The predictive model combining quantitative and qualitative features of CT has a good predictive ability for the invasiveness of ground-glass nodules. Its predictive performance is higher than any single indicator.

Humans ; Aged ; Lung Diseases ; Pneumonia/drug therapy* ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use* ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy* ; Administration, Inhalation ; Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy*

Objective To investigate the awareness of malaria-related knowledge, the use of mosquito nets and their influencing factors among residents in Banlao Township, Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province.. Methods In August 2020, 19 settlement sites in Banlao Township, Cangyuan County, Lincang City, Yunnan Province were selected as study areas, and permanent residents at ages of 10 years and older were enrolled for a questionnaire survey, including residents’ demographics, family economic status, malaria control knowledge and use of mosquito nets. In addition, the factors affecting the use of mosquito nets in the night prior to the survey were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 320 questionnaires were allocated, and all were recovered (a 100% recovery rate). There were 316 valid questionnaires, with an effective recovery rate of 98.75%. The 316 respondents included 152 men and 164 women and 250 Chinese respondents and 66 foreign respondents. The awareness of clinical syndromes of malaria was significantly higher among Chinese residents (71.60%) than among foreign residents (50.00%) (χ² = 11.03, P < 0.01), and the proportions of Chinese and foreign residents sleeping under mosquito nets were 46.00% and 69.70% on the night prior to the survey, respectively (χ² = 11.73, P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified ethnicity group and type of residence as factors affecting the use of mosquito nets in the night prior to the survey. Conclusions The awareness of malaria control knowledge, the coverage and the use of mosquito nets were low among residents in Banlao Township, Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province. Targeted health education is recommended to improve the awareness of malaria control knowledge and self-protection ability. In addition, improving the allocation of long-lasting mosquito nets and health education pertaining to their uses and increasing the proportion of using mosquito nets correctly is needed to prevent re-establishment of imported malaria.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） is a heterogeneous disease with insulin deficiency and insulin resistance （IR） as the main etiology and is often accompanied by complications. Volatile oil is a volatile oily liquid extracted from natural plants， which has many pharmacological effects such as regulating Qi， relieving pain， inhibiting bacteria， and reducing inflammation. In recent years， there have been numerous reports on the treatment of T2DM by natural plant volatile oil and its effective components， which has become one of the new directions in the treatment of T2DM. With natural plant essential oil and its active components as the starting point， this paper comprehensively analyzed and summarized the material basis， mechanism， and signaling pathways of essential oil in the treatment of T2DM and its complications in China and abroad in recent years， and focused on the inhibitory effect of essential oil and its active components， such as carvacrol， paeonol， and β-caryophylene， on IR to improve T2DM by protecting pancreatic β-cells， inhibiting α-glucosidase activity， regulating the abundance and diversity of intestinal microbiota， and regulating glucose transporter protein type4 （GLUT4）， adenylate 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathways to provide some references for the volatile oil intervention in T2DM and the development of new green antidiabetic drugs.

With the development of multi-slice spiral computed tomography (CT) technology and the popularization of low-dose spiral CT screening, more and more adenocarcinomas presenting ground-glass nodule (GGN) are found. Pathological invasiveness is one of the important factors affecting the choice of treatment strategy and prognosis of patients with early lung adenocarcinoma. Imaging features have attracted wide attention due to their unique advantages in predicting the pathologic invasiveness of early lung adenocarcinoma. The imaging characteristics of GGN can be used to predict the pathologic invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma and provide evidence for clinical decisions. However, the imaging parameters and numerical values for predicting pathologic invasiveness are still controversial, which will be reviewed in this paper.

Abstract: Objective To compare the screening effects of RDT, microscopy and PCR for malaria among residents in low malaria areas and elimination areas, and to investigate the presence of malaria in residents of border Villages in Cangyuan Va County and asymptomatic infections in surrounding areas, providing a basis for preventing re-introduction of malaria after elimination. Methods From August 2020 to March 2021, the fingertip blood of the investigated subjects was collected from three survey sites in the border area between China and Myanmar, namely Banlao Township in Cangyuan Va Autonomous County of Lincang City, Banwai District, Mengmao County, the Second Special Zone of Shan State, Myanmar, Yongmo and Dayan Township, Nandeng Special Zone, the Second Special Zone of Shan State, Myanmar. The malaria parasite antigen detection test kit, malaria parasite microscopic examination, fluorescent quantitative PCR and nested PCR were used to detect the asymptomatic infection of malaria parasites. Results A total of 1 040 blood samples were collected, including 606 from China and 434 from Myanmar, with 506 males and 534 females. Among them, , there were 51 individuals aged 0 to <5 years, 283 aged 5 to < years, 187 aged 15 to < years, 232 aged 30 to <45 years, 205 aged 45 to < years, and 82 aged ≥60 years. All 1 040 people tested negative for plasmodium antigen detection kit. One case of Plasmodium vivax detected by plasmodium microscopic etiology, with a detection rate of 0.10%. One case of P. vivax was also detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR and nested PCR, with a detection rate of 0.10%. Among them, one case of P. vivax was detected in Banwai District, Mengmao County, the Second Special Zone of Shan State, Myanmar, with a detection rate of 0.35%. The detection rates of malaria parasites in Banlao Township in Cangyuan Va Autonomous County of Lincang City, Yunnan Province and Yongmo Township and Dayan Township, Nandeng Special District, the Second Special Zone of Shan State, Myanmar were both 0. The difference in the detection rate of malaria parasites among the three survey sites was not statistically significant (χ2 =2.682, P>0.05). The asymptomatic P. vivax infection was detected in a 6-year-old girl from Banwai District, Mengmao County, the Second Special Zone of Shan State, Myanmar. Conclusions RDT is not suitable for malaria screening in low malaria area and elimination area. Microscopic examination and PCR can be used for malaria screening, but PCR operation is complex and costly. In surrounding areas outside of China, malaria is still prevalent, while there is no source of malaria infection in border villages of Cangyuan Va County. However, there is a risk of importation, and timely and effective measures should be taken to prevent reintroduction and transmission.

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of esophageal pressure (Pes) calibration by the esophageal balloon pressure-volume (P-V) curve during assisted mechanical ventilation.Methods:A prospective study was conducted. The postoperative patients admitted to intensive care unit of Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from June 2017 to January 2019 who needed pressure support ventilation by tracheal intubation and Pes monitoring with stable breath were enrolled. The Pes monitoring was performed by the esophageal balloon with a small geometric volume (2.8 mL). ① Balloon volume tests of esophageal balloon were performed by inflating intermittently 0.5 mL increments up to 2.5 mL, the end-expiratory and end-inspiratory Pes were recorded to obtain end-expiratory and end-inspiratory P-V curves. The intermediate section in end-expiatory P-V curve that showed linear correlation was identified (as intermediate linear section), whose volume range was balloon working volume ( Vwork) and slope was esophageal wall elastance (Ees), the balloon volume with the largest difference between end-expiratory and end-inspiratory Pes was the best balloon volume ( Vbest), and the product of Ees and Vbest was esophageal wall recoil pressure reacting to balloon filling. To minimize the effect of esophageal wall on Pes, the calibrated Pes was the difference of Pes and esophageal wall recoil pressure. The consistency of calibrated Pes obtained by balloon volume at Vbset and other Vwork were analyzed. ② For the convenience of clinical application, a simplified method was introduced to calibrate Pes. Based on all Vwork of patients located in 0.5-1.5 mL, the difference of end-expiratory Pes between balloon volume at 0.5 mL and 1.5 mL divided by 1.0 mL was used to estimate Ees, and the Pes among 0.5-1.5 mL was calibrated by Ees obtained by the simple method. The consistency of calibrated Pes obtained by the simple method and standard method were observed. Results:Totally 30 patients were enrolled, all end-expiratory and end-inspiratory P-V curves existed the intermediate linear section, the calibrated Pes at Vwork did not increase with the balloon being inflated and had a good consistency with the calibrated Pes at Vbest, mean difference and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was -0.02 (-1.50-1.50) cmH 2O (1 cmH 2O = 0.098 kPa). The Ees and calibrated Pes estimated by the simple method had a good agreement with the standard method, mean difference and 95% CI was -0.2 (-1.0-0.6) cmH 2O/mL and 0.2 (-1.1-1.4) cmH 2O, respectively. Conclusions:During assisted mechanical ventilation, the use of a small geometric volume esophageal balloon to monitor Pes and balloon P-V curve to calibrate Pes is feasible. The simple method can be used for simplifying clinical application, that's only by monitoring Pes at balloon volume at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mL to evaluate the Ees and calibrate Pes.

Surgery is currently the most appropriate treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Increasing unilateral or bilateral multiple primary lung cancer being found, segmentectomy has attracted wide attention for its unique advantages in the treatment for such tumors. Ground glass opacity dominant early-stage NSCLC is associated with a good prognosis and can be cured by segmentectomy, however, the treatment of solid-dominant NSCLC remains controversial owing to the invasive nature. With the in-depth study on the lymph node metastasis pathway, radiological characteristics and molecular biology of NSCLC, a large part of solid nodules with certain characteristics can also be cured by segmentectomy. This paper reviews the research status and progress about the indication of segmentectomy.
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