Reach-to-grasp movements require integrating information on both object location and grip type, but how these elements are planned and to what extent they interact remains unclear. We designed a new experimental paradigm in which monkeys sequentially received reach and grasp cues with delays, requiring them to retain and integrate both cues to grasp the goal object with appropriate hand gestures. Neural activity in the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) revealed that reach and grasp were similarly represented yet not independent. Upon receiving the second cue, the PMd continued encoding the first, but over half of the neurons displayed incongruent modulations: enhanced, attenuated, or even reversed. Population-level analysis showed significant changes in encoding structure, forming distinct neural patterns. Leveraging canonical correlation analysis, we identified a shared subspace preserving the initial cue's encoding, contributed by both congruent and incongruent neurons. Together, these findings reveal a novel perspective on the interactive planning of reach and grasp within the PMd, providing insights into potential applications for brain-machine interfaces.
Animals ; Motor Cortex/physiology* ; Hand Strength/physiology* ; Macaca mulatta ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology* ; Neurons/physiology* ; Male ; Cues ; Movement/physiology* ; Gestures

Objective To study the value of RDW in severity evaluation and prognostic assessment of COPD. Methods Retrospective study was carried out on 115 COPD patients and 50 healthy controls. Blood routine, CRP, IL-6 data were collected on admission aiming at analyzing RDW difference in patients and controls, severity, severity grading and evaluation of prognosis. Results The level of CRP, RDW, IL-6 and WBC in patients were higher than that of healthy controls(P < 0.05). Mild and moderate groups have no significant difference from each other in terms of RDW, CRP and IL-6 conparison, but the difference between any other two groups were significant. There were significant positive correlation between RDW and CRP, IL-6, and negative correlations between the post-bronchodilator FEV1% and RDW. The mortality rate for patients with higher RDW level was higher than those with normal RDW. Conclusion Elevated RDW levels on admission are associated with severity of patients with COPD. RDW may be a prognostic marker for COPD.