Accurate pain assessment is a prerequisite for pain management.However,pain is a relatively subjective feeling greatly affected by the environment,education,and emotional state.Therefore,in diagnosing and treating pain,it is necessary not only to assess the subjective feelings of patients,but also to have stable and reliable objective indicators to evaluate the pain status of different patients.At present,there are many clinical tools for assessing and monitoring pain.This paper introduces the commonly used subjective assessment tools(single-dimensional pain assessment scale,multi-dimensional pain assessment scale)and objective assessment tools(surgical pleth index,analgesia and nociception index,nociceptive level index,and biomarkers),and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages,so as to provide reference for future clinical pain assessment.

Accurate pain assessment is a prerequisite for pain management.However,pain is a relatively subjective feeling greatly affected by the environment,education,and emotional state.Therefore,in diagnosing and treating pain,it is necessary not only to assess the subjective feelings of patients,but also to have stable and reliable objective indicators to evaluate the pain status of different patients.At present,there are many clinical tools for assessing and monitoring pain.This paper introduces the commonly used subjective assessment tools(single-dimensional pain assessment scale,multi-dimensional pain assessment scale)and objective assessment tools(surgical pleth index,analgesia and nociception index,nociceptive level index,and biomarkers),and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages,so as to provide reference for future clinical pain assessment.

Conversion therapy such as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC)is the main treatment method to transform unresectable advanced liver cancer into resectable liver cancer,which can not only effectively increase the survival rate of patients,but also provide patients with the opportunity of liver transplantation.However,pain is a major complication of TACE and HAIC in the treatment of liver cancer,and the incidence of abdominal pain after TACE is from 19.3%to 71.2%,and nearly 64.6%of patients have different degrees of pain during HAIC,which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and shortens their survival time.At present,the mechanism of pains caused by TACE and HAIC is not clear,and it may be related to local liver tissue swelling after embolic agents block the tumor blood supply artery,increased pressure in the liver tissue envelope or traction of the mass capsule,chemical stimulation of the hepatic artery by embolic agents and antineoplastic drugs,thrombosis adjacent to the normal organs,and visceral pain sensitization caused by intestinal ischemia.There are two main intervention measures for pain,one of which is lidocaine,opioids,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids,and the other is wrist and ankle acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine decoction,but their treatment effects are uneven.This article summarizes the status and treatment of pain caused by TACE and HAIC therapies for liver cancer,in order to provide reference for its clinical treatment.

Humans ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Insect Bites and Stings ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Neoplasms ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders

This study was designed to identify the pathogen causing soft rot of Pinellia ternata in Qianjiang of Hubei province and screen out the effective bactericides, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the control of soft rot of P. ternata. In this study, the pathogen was identified based on molecular biology and physiological biochemistry, followed by the detection of pathogenicity and pathogenicity spectrum via plant tissue inoculation in vitro and the indoor toxicity determination using the inhibition zone method to screen out bactericide with good antibacterial effects. The control effect of the bactericide against P. ternata soft rot was verified by the leave and tuber inoculation in vitro. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the 16 S rDNA, dnaX gene, and recA gene sequences, respectively, and the result showed that the pathogen belonged to the same branch as the type strain Dickeya fangzhongdai JS5. The physiological and biochemical tests showed that the pathogen was identical to D. fangzhongdai, which proved that the pathogen was D. fangzhongdai. The pathogenicity test indicated that the pathogen could obviously infect leaves at 24 h and tubers in 3 d. As revealed by the indoor toxicity test, 0.3% tetramycin, 5% allicin, and 80% ethylicin had good antibacterial activities, with EC_(50) values all less than 50 mg·L~(-1). Tests in tissues in vitro showed that 5% allicin exhibited the best control effect, followed by 0.3% tetramycin and 10% zhongshengmycin oligosaccharide, and their preventive effects were better than curative effects. Therefore, 5% allicin can be used as the preferred agent for the control of P. ternata soft rot, and 0.3% tetramycin and 10% zhongshengmycin oligosaccharide as the alternatives. This study has provided a certain theoretical basis for the control of P. ternata soft rot.
Phylogeny ; Pinellia/chemistry* ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Tubers

Soil microorganisms are one of the important biological indictors of soil quality and can reflct the comprehensive ecological environment characteristics of the soil. The research of soil microbial diversity is the key to know the ecological functions and balance with soil. In this paper, high-throughput sequencing on PCR-amplified 16 S rRNA gene V3-V4 fragments was used to determine the bacterial diversity in rhizosphere soil of A. macrocephala under the treatment with BZJN1 or streptoprofen. The results showed that there were no significant differences of the bacteria in A. macrocephala rhizosphere soil of the streptoprofen treatment group and the biocontrol BZJN1 treatment group. All the soil bacteria was classified into 25 categories,67 classes, 108 orders, 167 families and 271 generas, except some unidentified bacteria. Proteobacteria(30.7%-34.8%) was the dominant phylum, of which Alphaproteobacteria(16.8%-18.5%) was the dominant subgroup. Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of multiple phylums bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of A. macrocephala was significantly changed in the streptoprofen treatment group and the biocontrol BZJN1 treatment group. In addition, RDA analysis showed that there was connection with different environmental factors and microbial communities. The abundance of the three genera in the rhizosphere soil of A. macrocephala was significantly positively correlated with Invertase, Urease and AP. PICRUSt function prediction results showed that BZNJ1 could enhance some bacterial functions and promote the plant growth. Biocontrol is a new type of green and safety control pest method. BZNJ1 significantly enhances some bacterial functions on the basis of effectively preventing root rot of A. macrocephala and promoting plant growth, and has no significant effect on the soil bacterial community structure. All the results can provide theoretical support for popularization of BZNJ1.
Atractylodes ; Bacteria ; Rhizosphere ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the presence of leukemia stem cells (LSC) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and find out the relative position of leukemia cells in the figures of flow cytometry, and to analyze the relationship between minimal residual diseases (MRD) and the level of LSC, so as to explore the correlation of LSC changes with the curative effect and the prognosis during chemical therapy.

METHODSA total of 85 samples were collected from 50 AML (except M3) patients, including 50 samples from the newly diagnosed patients, 7 samples of AML patients with non-remission and 28 samples of AML patients with complete remission. All samples were used for detection of LSC from immune phenotype of CD34/CD38/CD123 by flow cytometry. The detection of immune phenotypic of leukemia cells was performed in the newly diagnosed patients. The detection of leukemia- associated immune phenotypes (LAIP) was implemented in the non-newly diagnosed patients.

RESULTSThe LSC was identified in the CD34/ CD38/ CD123 in AML and consistent with the relative position of the leukemia cell in flow cytometry figures. Statistical analysis showed significant difference in LSC content between the newly diagnosed AML group and the post-chemotherapy complete remission group(P<0.01),but did not between the newly diagnosed AML group and the post-chemotherapy non-remission group(P>0.05).There was significant positive correlation between the LSC content and MRD level in 28 AML patients with complete remission (r=0.680,P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONLSC exist in AML and the relative position are consistent with the leukemia cells in flow cytometry figures, the size characteristics and weak expression of CD45 are also similar to leukemia cells. The proportion of LSC decreases after chemotherapy. Detecting and tracking the LSC changes in bone marrow and combination with detecting minimal resident disease(MRD) may contribute to evaluate the theraputic efficacy and prognosis of leukemia patients.

Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Neoplastic Stem Cells ; Prognosis

OBJECTIVETo investigate the viral etiology in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) plus platelet disorders.

METHODSA total of 255 children with ALRTI plus platelet disorders and 442 children with ALRTI and normal platelets, all of whom were hospitalized between March 2010 and February 2011, were included in the study. Their nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected, and RT-PCR or PCR was performed to detect 14 viruses.

RESULTSOf 255 ALRTI patients with platelet disorders, thrombocytosis was found in 253 cases (99.2%) and thrombocytopenia in 2 cases (0.8%). Among ALRTI patients with platelet disorders, 173 (67.8%) were infected with at least one virus, with human rhinovirus as the most common one, followed by parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The detection rate of PIV3 in the abnormal platelet group was significantly higher than in the normal platelet group (P<0.05). In contrast, the detection rate of influenza virus B (IFVB) in the abonormal platelet group was significantly lower than in the normal platelet group (P<0.05). The age distribution showed significant difference between the abnormal and normal platelet groups (P<0.01). Platelet disorders were mainly found in children under one year of age (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThrombocytosis is often found in children with ALRTI caused by viruses, especially PIV3, but infection with IFVB seldom causes platelet disorders. Hospitalized children with ALRTI under one year tend to develop platelet disorders.

Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; blood ; complications ; virology ; Thrombocytopenia ; etiology ; Thrombocytosis ; etiology

Objective To explore apoptosis of lung tissues in dogs with acute lung injury coupled with thoracic seawater immersion and changes in gene expression following open chest injury.Methods The dogs with acute lung injury induced by open chest injury coupled with thoracic seawater immersion were used as the experimental group,and the dogs with just simple open chest injury were used as control animals.Tunel method was used to detect changes in the apoptosis of lung tissues of both animal groups,and immunochemistry was applied to detect changes in the expressions of Fas/FasL and nuclear factor-k-gene binding (NF-κB).Results Apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells and pulmonary vascular endothelial cells in the animals of the experimental group was significantly increased,when compared with that of the control group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The expressions of Fas/FasL and NF-κB in the experimental dogs were also increased considerably,when compared with those of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells and pulmonary endothelial cells was involved in the development of acute lung injury induced by open chest injury coupled with thoracic seawater immersion,and Fas/FasL system might be one of the important factors contributing to the apoptosis of lung tissues.

Objective To investigate the effects of terbutaline on Na+-K+pump and sodium channel of human alveolar epithelial cells(A549)incubated in seawater.Methods A549 cells cultured routinely were divided into 3 groups:the seawater treatment group,the terbutaline group(incubated in 20 μ mol/L for 6 h)and the control group.The survival rate of A549 cells was determined by MTT assay,while the apoptotic and necrotic rates were monitored with flow cytometery.The expressions of α-ENaC and NKA-α1 were detected with Western blot,and NKA activity with hydrolytic colorimetry.Results Results obtained from MTT and flow cytometry all indicated that terbutaline treatment produced little effect on the survival rate of seawater-treated cells.The expressions of NKA-α1 and α-ENaC for the control group were obviously higher than those of the seawater treatment group(t=3.79,3.79;P＜0.01)and the terbutaline group(t=3.71,3.78;P＜0.01),and the expressions of NKA-α1 and α-ENaC for the terbutaline group were significantly higher than those of the the seawater treatment group(t=2.58,2.64;P＜0.05).When compared with the control group[(31.298±5.779)μmol/(mg·h)],the activity of NKA for the seawater treatment group[(14.211±3.885)μmol/(mg·h)]and treatmont group[(19.521±1.648)μmol/(mg·h)]declined significantly(t=2.54,2.71;P＜0.05).NKA activity[(19.521±1.648)μmol/(mg·h)]for the terbutaline group elevated to some extent,when compared with that of the seawater treatment group(t=2.51,P＜0.05).Conclusions Terbutaline could inhibit both seawater-induced decline of NKA activity and expressions of α-ENaC and NKA-α1,provided the survival of alveolar epithelial cells was not affected.