The auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) gene family is an important regulator for plant growth hormone signaling, involved in plant growth, development, as well as response to environmental stresses. In the present study, we identified SmIAA7 which is potentially associated with Salvia miltiorrhiza leaf development through comparatively analyzed the transcriptome data from different pinnate leaves. SmIAA7 was successfully isolated from S. miltiorrhiza using the specific primers. Then subsequent bioinformatic analysis, prokaryotic expression and purification, subcellular localization, and induction expression analysis under auxin and abiotic stress were performed. The full-length of SmIAA7 contained an ORF of 684 bp encoding a protein of 227 amino acid with a molecular weight of 25.3 kD. Conserved domain analysis showed that SmIAA7 contains the conserved Aux_IAA domain (pfam02309). Sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis results indicated SmIAA7 was phylogenetically close to IAA7 and IAA14 from other plants, suggesting SmIAA7 involved in plant growth and development as well as response to environmental stresses. The prokaryotic expression vector pET28a-SmIAA7 was constructed and SmIAA7 recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3) strain. Subcellular localization experiment demonstrated that SmIAA7 localized in the nucleus of plant cells. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that the expression level of SmIAA7 was upregulated in response to auxin. Drought, low temperature, and salt stress significantly increased the transcript level of SmIAA7 gene. This study lays a foundation for further elucidating the role of SmIAA7 in leaf development, signal transduction, and stress defense in S. miltiorrhiza.

Functional dyspepsia (FD), characterized by persistent or recurrent dyspeptic symptoms without identifiable organic, systemic or metabolic causes, is an increasingly recognized global health issue. The objective of this guideline is to equip clinicians and nursing professionals with evidence-based strategies for the management and treatment of adult patients with FD using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The Guideline Development Group consulted existing TCM consensus documents on FD and convened a panel of 35 clinicians to generate initial clinical queries. To address these queries, a systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Database, China Biology Medicine (SinoMed) Database, Wanfang Database, Traditional Medicine Research Data Expanded (TMRDE), and the Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (TCMLARS). The evidence from the literature was critically appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The strength of the recommendations was ascertained through a consensus-building process involving TCM and allopathic medicine experts, methodologists, pharmacologists, nursing specialists, and health economists, leveraging their collective expertise and empirical knowledge. The guideline comprises a total of 43 evidence-informed recommendations that span a range of clinical aspects, including the pathogenesis according to TCM, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic interventions, efficacy assessments, and prognostic considerations. Please cite this article as: Zhang SS, Zhao LQ, Hou XH, Bian ZX, Zheng JH, Tian HH, Yang GH, Hong WS, He YY, Liu L, Shen H, Li YP, Xie S, Shu J, Zeng BF, Li JX, Liu Z, Xiao ZH, Xiao JD, Zheng PY, Huang SG, Chen SL, Fei GJ. International clinical practice guideline on the use of traditional Chinese medicine for functional dyspepsia (2025). J Integr Med. 2025; 23(5):502-518.
Dyspepsia/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*

Objective:To discuss the effects of kallikrein 5(KLK5)overexpression on the proliferation,invasion and cisplatin(DDP)sensitivity of cervical cancer cells,and to clarify its mechanism.Methods:Western blotting method was used to verify the stable transfection and overexpression of KLK5 in the cervical cancer cell(ME180-OE-KLK5).The cervical cancer ME180-NC-KLK5 and ME180-OE-KLK5 cells in logarithmic growth phase were subcutaneously inoculated into the nude mice to establish the subcutaneous xenograft models.After successful modeling,the mice were randomly divided into normal saline control group(NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group),DDP treatment group(NC-KLK5+DDP group),KLK5 overexpression group(OE-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group)and KLK5 overexpression combined with DDP group(OE-KLK5+DDP group),with 5 mice in each group.The nude mice in NC-KLK5+DDP group and OE-KLK5+DDP group were given intraperitoneal injection of DDP at a dose of 5 mng·kg-1;the nude mice in NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group and OE-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group were given intraperitoneal injection of normal saline at a dose of 0.01 mL·g-1.The body weights of nude mice were measured every 2 d,and the long diameter and short diameter of the tumors were recorded to calculate the tumor volume and plot the tumor growth curve.At 24 h after the last administration on day 14,the nude mice were sacrificed,and the tumors were dissected and weighed.HE staining method was used to observe the pathomorphology of tumor tissue in the nude mice in various groups;immunohistochemistry staining method was used to observe the expression levels of KLK5,Ki67 and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)proteins in the tumor tissues of the nude mice in various groups.Results:Compared with ME180-NC-KLK5 cells,the expression level of KLK5 protein in ME180-OE-KLK5 cells was increased(P＜0.05).In the first week after subcutaneous xenograft inoculation,the nude mice in various groups showed good feeding and activity status,and their body weights gradually increased.The drug administration phase started from the second week.During the drug treatment period,the feeding and activity status as well as body weight of the nude mice in NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group showed no significant changes compared with the first week;compared with NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the nude mice in NC-KLK5+DDP group began to show loss of appetite,no increase in body weight,and decreased activity.During the drug treatment period in the third week,the feeding and activity status of the nude mice in NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group showed no significant changes compared with the second week,while they began to show no increase in body weight;compared with NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the feeding and activity status of the nude mice in NC-KLK5+DDP group were significantly weakened,and their body weights decreased.Compared with NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the volume of xenograft tumor in NC-KLK5+DDP group was decreased(P＜0.01);compared with NC-KLK5+DDP group,the volume of xenograft tumor OE-KLK5+DDP group was significantly increased(P＜0.001);compared with NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the volume of xenograft tumor of the nude mice in OE-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group was increased(P＜0.001);compared with OE-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the volume of xenograft tumors in the nude mice in OE-KLK5+DDP group showed no statistically significant difference(P＞0.05).Compared with NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the weight of xenograft tumor of the nude mice in NC-KLK5+DDP group was decreased(P＜0.05);compared with NC-KLK5+DDP group,the weight of xenograft tumors of the nude mice in OE-KLK5+DDP group was significantly increased(P＜0.001);compared with NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the weight of xenograft tumor of the nude mice in OE-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group was increased(P＜0.001);compared with OE-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the weight of xenograft tumors of the nude mice in OE-KLK5+DDP group showed no statistically significant difference(P＞0.05).Compared with NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the xenograft tumor cells of the nude mice in OE-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group showed greater nuclear heterogeneity;the xenograft tumor cells of the nude mice in OE-KLK5+DDP group and NC-KLK5+DDP group showed cytomorphological changes,manifested as nuclear pyknosis and fragmentation,reduced cell volume,and the appearance of necrosis and apoptosis.Compared with NC-KLK5+DDP group,the degree of necrosis in xenograft tumor of the nude mice in OE-KLK5+DDP group was more pronounced.Compared with NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the expression levels of KLK5,Ki67 and MMP-9 proteins in xenograft tumor tissue of the nude mice in NC-KLK5+DDP group were decreased(P＜0.05);compared with NC-KLK5+DDP group,the expression levels of KLK5,Ki67,and MMP-9 proteins in xenograft tumor tissue of the nude mice in OE-KLK5+DDP group were increased(P＜0.001);compared with NC-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the expression levels of KLK5,Ki67 and MMP-9 proteins in xenograft tumor tissue of the nude mice in OE-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group were increased(P＜0.001);compared with OE-KLK5+0.9％NaCl group,the expression levels of KLK5,Ki67 and MMP-9 in xenograft tumor tissue of the nude mice in OE-KLK5+DDP group showed no statistically significant differences(P＞0.05).Conclusion:KLK5 overexpression can promote the growth of subcutaneous xenograft tumors of cervical cancer ME 180 cells treated with DDP,up-regulate the expressions of Ki67 and MMP-9 in the xenograft tumor tissue,and reduce the sensitivity of the xenograft tumor to DDP.

PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of sub-hypothermic mechanical perfusion combined with membrane lung oxygenation on ischemic hypoxic injury of yorkshire brain tissue caused by traumatic blood loss. METHODS: This article performed a random controlled trial. Brain tissue of 7 yorkshire was selected and divided into the sub-low temperature anterograde machine perfusion group (n = 4) and the blank control group (n = 3) using the random number table method. A yorkshire model of brain tissue injury induced by traumatic blood loss was established. Firstly, the perfusion temperature and blood oxygen saturation were monitored in real-time during the perfusion process. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin content, NA⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ ions concentrations and pH of the perfusate were detected. Following perfusion, we specifically examined the parietal lobe to assess its water content. The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were then dissected for histological evaluation, allowing us to investigate potential regional differences in tissue injury. The blank control group was sampled directly before perfusion. All statistical analyses and graphs were performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 Student t-test. All tests were two-sided, and p value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: The contents of red blood cells and hemoglobin during perfusion were maintained at normal levels but more red blood cells were destroyed 3 h after the perfusion. The blood oxygen saturation of the perfusion group was maintained at 95% - 98%. NA⁺ and K⁺ concentrations were normal most of the time during perfusion but increased significantly at about 4 h. The Ca²⁺ concentration remained within the normal range at each period. Glucose levels were slightly higher than the baseline level. The pH of the perfusion solution was slightly lower at the beginning of perfusion, and then gradually increased to the normal level. The water content of brain tissue in the sub-low and docile perfusion group was 78.95% ± 0.39%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (75.27% ± 0.55%, t = 10.49, p < 0.001), and the difference was statistically significant. Compared with the blank control group, the structure and morphology of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex and CA1 region of the hippocampal gyrus were similar, and their integrity was better. The structural integrity of granulosa neurons was destroyed and cell edema increased in the perfusion group compared with the blank control group. Immunofluorescence staining for glail fibrillary acidic protein and Iba1, markers of glial cells, revealed well-preserved cell structures in the perfusion group. While there were indications of abnormal cellular activity, the analysis showed no significant difference in axon thickness or integrity compared to the 1-h blank control group. CONCLUSIONS Mild hypothermic machine perfusion can improve ischemia and hypoxia injury of yorkshire brain tissue caused by traumatic blood loss and delay the necrosis and apoptosis of yorkshire brain tissue by continuous oxygen supply, maintaining ion homeostasis and reducing tissue metabolism level.
Animals ; Perfusion/methods* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Brain Injuries/etiology* ; Swine ; Male ; Hypothermia, Induced/methods*

Objective To analyze the imaging features of cerebral small vessel disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by multimodal MRI.Methods The clinical data of 160 patients with cerebral small vessel disease admitted to our hospital from January to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.According to whether they were complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus,they were divided into the diabetic group and the non-diabetic group,with 80 cases in each group.Both groups underwent multimodal MRI scans.And the severity of lacunar infarction,the severity of subcortical and periventricular white matter lesions,white matter integral and cerebral microbleeds of patients in the two groups were compared.Results The severity of lacunar infarction(χ2=34.076,P=0.001),subcortical white matter lesions(χ2=25.000,P=0.001),periventricular white matter lesions(χ2=22.895,P=0.001)and white matter integral(t=12.370,P=0.001)of patients in the diabetic group were significantly higher than those in the non-diabetic group.No cerebral microbleeds were detected in either group of patients.Conclusion Patients with cerebral small vessel disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus show characteristic multimodal MRI changes.The increase in the number of lacunar infarction lesions and the aggravation of white matter lesions can be used as the characteristic imaging basis for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus related cerebral small vessel disease.

Objective:This study empirically analyzes the relationship between outpatient and inpatient services under the impact of healthcare payment reform,and evaluates the effects of the reform.Methods:Data from healthcare services and basic medical insurance payments in eight districts of Jinhua City from 2020 to 2022 were used.A fixed-effects model for outpatient and inpatient services was constructed to analyze the impact of healthcare payment reforms and outpatient services on inpatient services.Results:The DRG-based payment had a significant positive effect on inpatient visits and a significant negative effect on employee basic medical insurance inpatient costs.The"capitation+APG"outpatient payment policy had a significant negative effect on inpatient visits and a significant negative effect on residents'basic medical insurance inpatient costs.The interaction between outpatient payment and outpatient visits had a significant negative effect on employee basic medical insurance inpatient visits,while the interaction between outpatient payment and outpatient costs had a significant negative effect on both overall and employee inpatient costs.Conclusions:The DRG payment reform led to an increase in inpatient visits and a reduction in employee basic medical insurance inpatient costs.The outpatient"capitation+APG"payment reform reduced inpatient visits and lowered residents'basic medical insurance inpatient costs,thereby slowing down the complementary effect between outpatient and inpatient services.

Objective:To explore the application value of real-time virtual sonography (RVS) combined with intraductal biliary contrast-enhanced ultrasound (IB-CEUS) in percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD).Methods:This retrospective cohort study included data from 71 patients who underwent PTCD at the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University between May 2021 and August 2022. There were 36 male and 35 female patients,aged 35 to 94 years. Based on the guidance modality used,patients were divided into two groups: the RVS combined with IB-CEUS group ( n=36) and the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) group ( n=35). PTCD was performed under the guidance of RVS combined with IB-CEUS in the RVS+IB-CEUS group,and under conventional DSA fluoroscopic guidance in the DSA group. Two clinicians classified the biliary conditions as either simple or complex based on preoperative ultrasound and CT (or MRI) imaging. Statistical analyses were conducted using independent sample t-tests,rank-sum tests, χ2 tests,or Fisher′s exact tests,as appropriate. Results:Significant differences were observed between the RVS+IB-CEUS group and the DSA group in terms of the number of punctures (1.0±0.2 vs. 2.2±1.4, t=-5.148, P<0.01) and postoperative complication rate(2.8% (1/35) vs. 17.1% (6/36), P=0.049). There were 9 patients with complex biliary conditions in the DSA group and 12 in the RVS+IB-CEUS group. The number of punctures in both the simple and complex subgroups of the RVS+IB-CEUS group(1.0±0.2 and 1.0±0.0) remained lower than that in the corresponding DSA subgroups(2.2±1.6 and 2.4±0.4) ( t=-3.606, P<0.01; t=-3.959, P=0.002). Moreover,the complication rate in the simple biliary subgroup of the RVS+IB-CEUS group was significantly lower than that of the DSA group(0 (0/24) vs. 19.2% (5/26), P=0.031),whereas no significant difference was found in the complex biliary subgroup (1/12 vs. 1/9, P=0.686). Conclusion:Guided by RVS and IB-CEUS, PTCD can help reduce the number of punctures during surgery and postoperative complications, and patients with complex bile duct conditions can still benefit from PTCD.

Objective:To explore the effect of electric acupuncture combined with Tianding acupoint on the efficacy,syndrome score,and quality of life of post-stroke intractable hiccup(IH).Methods:A total of 102 post-stroke IH patients admitted to our hospital from October 2022 to October 2023 were retrospectively included,and were divided into control group and observation group,with 51 cases in each group.The matched group patients were given conventional acupuncture treatment,while the observation group patients were given conventional electric acupuncture combined with Tianding acupoint treatment.The clinical efficacy,effectiveness,hiccup symptom scores before and Post-treatment,and quality of life score between two groups of patients.Results:The proportion of patients in the observation group who took immediate effect(27.45％vs.5.88％)and the proportion of patients who took effect within 24 hours of the first treatment(60.78％vs.17.65％)were higher than matched group.The average onset time[(32.14±9.72)h vs.(70.34±23.51)h]was significantly shorter than matched group(P＜0.05).The treatment recovery rate of observation group was higher than matched group(80.39％vs.50.98％,P＜0.05),and the total effective rate of treatment was not different from matched group(96.08％vs.86.27％,P＞0.05).Post-treatment,both groups of patients showed a significant decrease in hiccup symptom scores,and there were significant differences at different time points(P＜0.05).The hiccup symptom scores of the observation group patients at 1 d,3 d,and 5 d post-treatment were lower than matched group(P＜0.05).Post-treatment,the overall scores of appetite,mental state,sleep,and quality of life in both groups increased,and the scores in the observation group were higher than matched group(P＜0.05).Conclusion:The combination of electric acupuncture and Tianding acupoint has a significant therapeutic effect on post-stroke IH,which can quickly take effect,improve patients'clinical symptoms,and enhance their quality of life.

Objective:To investigate the effects of chronic persistent hypoxia on hepatic function, histological morphology, and ultrastructure in aged mice, and to evaluate the protective role of pyrroloquinoline quinone(PQQ).Methods:Thirty-two 2-month-old (young group)and thirty-two 18-month-old(aged group)male C57BL6/J mice were each randomly divided into four groups (n=8 per group): normoxia+ normal saline (NS)group, normoxia+ PQQ group, hypoxia+ NS group, and hypoxia+ PQQ group.The normoxia+ NS and normoxia+ PQQ groups were housed under normoxic conditions[fraction of inspired oxygen(FiO 2)=21%], while the hypoxia+ NS and hypoxia+ PQQ groups were continuously exposed to a hypoxic environment[FiO 2=(10±0.5)%]simulated by a custom-made hypoxic chamber, maintaining a constant oxygen concentration for 24 hours per day.The normoxia+ NS and hypoxia+ NS groups received daily intragastric administration of NS, whereas the normoxia+ PQQ and hypoxia+ PQQ groups received daily intragastric administration of PQQ disodium salt(8 mg·kg -1·d -1).After 8 weeks of continuous intervention, blood samples were collected to measure red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and liver function-related biochemical indicators.Lung tissues were processed for HE staining, and liver tissues were processed for both HE staining and electron microscopy.The histological and ultrastructural features of each group were observed under light and electron microscopy, respectively, and the differences between the groups were compared and analyzed. Results:Compared with the normoxia+ NS groups, both young and aged hypoxia+ NS groups exhibited significant pulmonary arteriole narrowing( P<0.001), with markedly elevated red blood cell count and hemoglobin levels (all P<0.001), which were not alleviated by PQQ.Compared with the young normoxia+ NS group, the young hypoxia+ NS group showed significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT)and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)levels( Z=2.72, 2.53, P=0.007, 0.011), whereas the young hypoxia+ PQQ group exhibited LDH levels similar to those of the young normoxia+ NS group.The aged hypoxia+ NS group exhibited significant ALT elevation( t=2.66, P=0.013)compared with the aged normoxia+ NS group.Light microscopy revealed hepatocyte ballooning degeneration, mild fatty accumulation, and focal necrosis around central veins in the young hypoxia+ NS group, while the young hypoxia+ PQQ group exhibited no significant pathological damage but displayed numerous deeply stained binucleated hepatocytes.The aged normoxia+ NS group demonstrated hepatocyte ballooning degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration around central veins, whereas the aged normoxia+ PQQ group exhibited no obvious pathological damage with scattered deeply stained binucleated hepatocytes.The aged hypoxia+ NS group exhibited significant necrosis following physiological oxygen concentration gradient distribution, while the aged hypoxia+ PQQ group displayed no obvious pathological damage with scattered deeply stained binucleated hepatocytes.Electron microscopy revealed that the aged normoxia+ NS group had reduced mitochondrial electron density ( P<0.001)and less developed rough endoplasmic reticulum compared with the young normoxia+ NS group.The young hypoxia+ NS group exhibited a smaller mitochondrial area( P<0.001), decreased mitochondrial matrix electron density( P<0.001), blurred or absent mitochondrial cristae, inactive rough endoplasmic reticulum, and increased accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets compared with the young normoxia+ NS group, while the young hypoxia+ PQQ group maintained mitochondrial matrix electron density comparable to the young normoxia+ NS group.The aged hypoxia+ NS group exhibited larger mitochondrial area( P=0.001), decreased mitochondrial matrix electron density( P<0.001), blurred or absent mitochondrial cristae, mitochondrial edema, increased lysosomes, and elevated cytoplasmic electron density compared with the aged normoxia+ NS group.The aged hypoxia+ PQQ group exhibited reduced mitochondrial area( P<0.001)and restored mitochondrial matrix electron density to levels comparable with the aged normoxia+ NS group.The aged normoxia+ PQQ group demonstrated increased mitochondrial matrix electron density compared with the aged normoxia+ NS group( P<0.001). Conclusions:Chronic persistent hypoxia induces hepatic functional, histological and ultrastructural damage in mice, with more pronounced effects in aged animals.PQQ provides a certain degree of protection against these injuries.

Objective:To investigate the clinical demand for subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) with pet allergens and explore the sensitization characteristics of patients undergoing pet SCIT.Methods:A cross-sectional retrospective analysis was conducted on patients diagnosed with pet allergies and treated with pet allergen SCIT in our outpatient clinic from January 2019 to December 2023. Patients were categorized into three groups based on the type of SCIT received: single-cat SCIT group, single-dog SCIT group, and combined cat-dog SCIT group.Results:A total of 931 patients were included, the age range was 5-65 years (median age of 30 years), with 283 male and 648 female. Among them, 67.7%( n=630) received single-cat SCIT, 10.9% ( n=102)received single-dog SCIT, and 21.4% ( n=199) received combined cat-dog SCIT. The number of patients receiving pet allergen SCIT increased annually. Patients in the single-dog SCIT group were significantly older than those in the other two groups ( H=41.329, P<0.001) and had a lower prevalence of allergic rhinitis (91.2% vs. 96.5% and 98.5%; χ2=10.400, P=0.006). In the combined cat-dog SCIT group, the allergy rate to mold allergens was significantly higher than in the single-cat SCIT group (12.6% vs. 4.9%, χ2=13.965, P=0.001). In the single-dog SCIT group, the allergy rate to spring pollen allergens was significantly higher than in the other two groups ( χ2=15.731, P<0.001), and the allergy rate to autumn pollen allergens was significantly higher than in the single-cat SCIT group ( χ2=13.459, P=0.001). There was no significant difference in the dust mite allergy rate among the three groups( χ2=4.117, P=0.129). In the single-dog SCIT group, patients with asthma were significantly older than those without asthma (41.2 vs. 35.2 years old, t=-2.073, P=0.041). In both the single-cat and single-dog SCIT groups, the proportion of allergic rhinitis in the asthma group(91.2%,78.3%) was significantly lower than that in the non-asthma group(97.4%,94.9%) ( χ2=8.863,6.158; P=0.008,0.026). In the single-cat SCIT group, non-asthmatic patients were significantly more likely to receive SCIT combined with spring pollen allergens compared to asthmatic patients (23.9% vs. 11.0%, χ2=7.586, P=0.006). Conclusions:The demand for pet allergen SCIT has steadily increased over the years, with a predominance of female patients. Sensitization profiles varied among patients receiving SCIT for different pet allergens. This study comprehensively elucidates the clinical demand and sensitization characteristics of patients undergoing pet allergen SCIT, providing valuable reference data for clinical diagnosis and treatment.