Functional dyspepsia (FD), characterized by persistent or recurrent dyspeptic symptoms without identifiable organic, systemic or metabolic causes, is an increasingly recognized global health issue. The objective of this guideline is to equip clinicians and nursing professionals with evidence-based strategies for the management and treatment of adult patients with FD using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The Guideline Development Group consulted existing TCM consensus documents on FD and convened a panel of 35 clinicians to generate initial clinical queries. To address these queries, a systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Database, China Biology Medicine (SinoMed) Database, Wanfang Database, Traditional Medicine Research Data Expanded (TMRDE), and the Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (TCMLARS). The evidence from the literature was critically appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The strength of the recommendations was ascertained through a consensus-building process involving TCM and allopathic medicine experts, methodologists, pharmacologists, nursing specialists, and health economists, leveraging their collective expertise and empirical knowledge. The guideline comprises a total of 43 evidence-informed recommendations that span a range of clinical aspects, including the pathogenesis according to TCM, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic interventions, efficacy assessments, and prognostic considerations. Please cite this article as: Zhang SS, Zhao LQ, Hou XH, Bian ZX, Zheng JH, Tian HH, Yang GH, Hong WS, He YY, Liu L, Shen H, Li YP, Xie S, Shu J, Zeng BF, Li JX, Liu Z, Xiao ZH, Xiao JD, Zheng PY, Huang SG, Chen SL, Fei GJ. International clinical practice guideline on the use of traditional Chinese medicine for functional dyspepsia (2025). J Integr Med. 2025; 23(5):502-518.
Dyspepsia/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Female ; Humans ; Anti-Mullerian Hormone ; Sexual Development ; Peptide Hormones

The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a serious impact on global public health and the economy. SARS-CoV-2 infiltrates host cells via its surface spike protein, which binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on the host cell membrane. As a result, small molecules targeting spike protein have emerged as a hotspot in anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug research. Activity screening is an important step in seeking small molecule drugs. Therefore, this article aims to review the biological activity evaluation methods of small molecule inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, with the goal of laying the foundation for the discovery of new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

Objective To analyze the preventive effect and safety of intracisternal perfusion of nimodipine on delayed cerebral vasospasm(DCVS)after subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH).Methods SAH patients treated with intracranial aneurysm clipping were divided into control group and treatment group according to cohort method.The control group was given basic treatment such as blood dilution,volume expansion and pressure boosting after operation.After DCVS was found,nimodipine injection 2.5-5.0 mL·h-1 was injected intravenously.The treatment group was given continuous perfusion of nimodipine solution(nimodipine injection:compound sodium chloride injection=1:19)for 48 h in the cerebral cistern on the basis of the control group,and the pumping speed was 20 mL·L-1.The course of treatment in both groups was 14 days.The incidence of DCVS was recorded at 3,5,7 and 14 days after operation.The neurological function[National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)score],state of consciousness[Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)score],serum DCVS mechanism indexes[platelet-derived growth factor receptor β(PDGFRβ),matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9),prostacyclin I2(PGI2),fibrin degradation product(FDP)]were compared between the two groups before treatment and 14 days after treatment.The occurrence of postoperative complications such as delayed cerebral ischemia was recorded.The prognosis of the two groups was evaluated by modified Rankin scale(mRS)at 3 months after operation,and the safety was evaluated.Results In this study,39 cases were enrolled in the control group and 43 cases in the treatment group.The incidence of DCVS in the treatment group and the control group were 25.58％and 48.72％at 3 days after operation,20.93％and 43.59％at 5 days after operation,and 13.95％and 38.46％at 7 days after operation,respectively.The above indexes in the treatment group were significantly different from those in the control group(all P＜0.05).After 14 days of treatment,the NIHSS score of the treatment group and the control group were 2.08±0.43 and 2.96±0.52,respectively;the GCS score were 13.22±0.48 and 12.36±0.50,respectively;the serum PDGFRβ were(70.22±5.97)and(74.86±6.54)ng·mL-1,respectively;MMP-9 were(189.44±17.23)and(213.95±16.81)ng·mL-1,respectively;PGI2 were(96.18±5.84)and(89.44±6.27)ng·L-1;FDP were(1.62±0.50)and(2.13±0.48)mg·L-1,respectively.The above indexes in the treatment group were significantly different from those in the control group.The incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia in the treatment group was 4.65％,which was significantly lower than in the control group(23.08％,P＜0.05).Three months after operation,there were no deaths in the two groups.The mRS grades of the treatment group and the control group were(0.74±0.17)and(1.19±0.21)points,respectively;and the good prognosis rates were 97.67％and 82.05％,respectively.There were statistically significant differences in the above indicators between the treatment group and the control group(all P＜0.05).The total incidence of adverse drug reactions in the treatment group and the control group was 11.63％and 5.13％,respectively,and the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion Intracisternal nimodipine perfusion can reduce the incidence rates of DCVS and delayed cerebral ischemia after SAH,and improve the neurological function and prognosis of patients.

Objective To analyze the preventive effect and safety of intracisternal perfusion of nimodipine on delayed cerebral vasospasm(DCVS)after subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH).Methods SAH patients treated with intracranial aneurysm clipping were divided into control group and treatment group according to cohort method.The control group was given basic treatment such as blood dilution,volume expansion and pressure boosting after operation.After DCVS was found,nimodipine injection 2.5-5.0 mL·h-1 was injected intravenously.The treatment group was given continuous perfusion of nimodipine solution(nimodipine injection:compound sodium chloride injection=1:19)for 48 h in the cerebral cistern on the basis of the control group,and the pumping speed was 20 mL·L-1.The course of treatment in both groups was 14 days.The incidence of DCVS was recorded at 3,5,7 and 14 days after operation.The neurological function[National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)score],state of consciousness[Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)score],serum DCVS mechanism indexes[platelet-derived growth factor receptor β(PDGFRβ),matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9),prostacyclin I2(PGI2),fibrin degradation product(FDP)]were compared between the two groups before treatment and 14 days after treatment.The occurrence of postoperative complications such as delayed cerebral ischemia was recorded.The prognosis of the two groups was evaluated by modified Rankin scale(mRS)at 3 months after operation,and the safety was evaluated.Results In this study,39 cases were enrolled in the control group and 43 cases in the treatment group.The incidence of DCVS in the treatment group and the control group were 25.58％and 48.72％at 3 days after operation,20.93％and 43.59％at 5 days after operation,and 13.95％and 38.46％at 7 days after operation,respectively.The above indexes in the treatment group were significantly different from those in the control group(all P＜0.05).After 14 days of treatment,the NIHSS score of the treatment group and the control group were 2.08±0.43 and 2.96±0.52,respectively;the GCS score were 13.22±0.48 and 12.36±0.50,respectively;the serum PDGFRβ were(70.22±5.97)and(74.86±6.54)ng·mL-1,respectively;MMP-9 were(189.44±17.23)and(213.95±16.81)ng·mL-1,respectively;PGI2 were(96.18±5.84)and(89.44±6.27)ng·L-1;FDP were(1.62±0.50)and(2.13±0.48)mg·L-1,respectively.The above indexes in the treatment group were significantly different from those in the control group.The incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia in the treatment group was 4.65％,which was significantly lower than in the control group(23.08％,P＜0.05).Three months after operation,there were no deaths in the two groups.The mRS grades of the treatment group and the control group were(0.74±0.17)and(1.19±0.21)points,respectively;and the good prognosis rates were 97.67％and 82.05％,respectively.There were statistically significant differences in the above indicators between the treatment group and the control group(all P＜0.05).The total incidence of adverse drug reactions in the treatment group and the control group was 11.63％and 5.13％,respectively,and the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion Intracisternal nimodipine perfusion can reduce the incidence rates of DCVS and delayed cerebral ischemia after SAH,and improve the neurological function and prognosis of patients.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trial evidence is limited to identify better topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating knee osteoarthritis (OA). We aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of flurbiprofen cataplasms (FPC) with loxoprofen sodium cataplasms (LSC) in treating patients with knee OA. METHODS: This is an open-label, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial conducted at Peking University Shougang Hospital. Overall, 250 patients with knee OA admitted from October 2021 to April 2022 were randomly assigned to FPC and LSC treatment groups in a 1:1 ratio. Both medications were administered to patients for 28 days. The primary outcome was the change of pain measured by visual analog scale (VAS) score from baseline to day 28 (range, 0-10 points; higher score indicates worse pain; non-inferiority margin: 1 point; superiority margin: 0 point). There were four secondary outcomes, including the extent of pain relief, the change trends of VAS scores, joint function scores measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and adverse events. RESULTS: Among 250 randomized patients (One patient without complete baseline record in the flurbiprofen cataplasms was excluded; age, 62.8 ± 10.5 years; 61.4% [153/249] women), 234 (93.6%) finally completed the trial. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the decline of the VAS score for the 24-h most intense pain in the FPC group was non-inferior, and also superior to that in the LSC group (differences and 95% confidence interval, 0.414 (0.147-0.681); P <0.001 for non-inferiority; P = 0.001 for superiority). Similar results were observed of the VAS scores for the current pain and pain during exercise. WOMAC scores were also lower in the FPC group at week 4 (12.50 [8.00-22.50] vs . 16.00 [11.00-27.00], P = 0.010), mainly driven by the dimension of daily activity difficulty. In addition, the FPC group experienced a significantly lower incidence of adverse events (5.6% [7/124] vs . 33.6% [42/125], P <0.001), including irritation, rash and pain of the skin, and sticky hair uncovering pain. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that FPC is superior to LSC for treating patients with knee OA in pain relief, joint function improvement, and safety profile.
Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/drug therapy* ; Flurbiprofen/therapeutic use* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use* ; Pain/drug therapy* ; Treatment Outcome ; Double-Blind Method

The modernization and development of traditional Chinese medicine has led to higher standards for the quality of traditional Chinese medicine products. The extraction process is a crucial component of traditional Chinese medicine production, and it directly impacts the final quality of the product. However, the currently relied upon methods for quality assurance of the extraction process, such as simple wet chemical analysis, have several limitations, including time consumption and labor intensity, and do not offer precise control of the extraction process. As a result, there is significant value in incorporating near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the production process of traditional Chinese medicine to improve the quality control of the final products. In this study, we focused on the extraction process of Xiao'er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid (XXZOL), using near-infrared spectra collected by both a Fourier transform near-infrared spectrometer and a portable near-infrared spectrometer. We used the concentration of synephrine, a quality control index component specified by the pharmacopoeia, to achieve rapid and accurate detection in the extraction process. Moreover, we developed a model transfer method to facilitate the transfer of models between the two types of near-infrared spectrometers (analytical grade and portable), thus resolving the low resolution, poor performance, and insufficient prediction accuracy issues of portable instruments. Our findings enable the rapid screening and quality analysis of XXZOL onsite, which is significant for quality monitoring during the traditional Chinese medicine production process.