Objective To investigate the alterations of cerebral blood flow(CBF)in type 2 diabetic mellitus(T2DM) patients without cognitive impairment by using arterial spin labeling(ASL)technique.Methods A total of 23 T2DM patients without cognitive impairment and 23 healthy controls(HC)matched by age,sex,and education attainment were recruited.Their clinical data were collected,and neuropsychological tests and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging were performed.Then,the outcomes of clinical features,neuropsychological tests,and global and regional CBF were compared between the two groups.The significant regional zCBF(z-transformed relative CBF)values were extracted and correlated with clinical data and neuropsychological scores in T2DM patients,controlling age,sex,and education.Results No significant difference was found in whole brain CBF between the two groups(P=0.155),while significantly higher CBF was identified in the left superior temporal gyrus and left insula in the T2DM group(Gaussian random field correction,initial threshold P < 0.001,cluster level P < 0.05).No correlation was observed between the significant regional zCBF values and the clinical data or the neuropsychological scores in T2DM patients(all P>0.05).Conclusion Alterations in cerebral hemodynamics may precede cognitive function changes in T2DM,suggesting that the ASL technique is promising for early monitoring of cerebral hemodynamic changes associated with cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM.
Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology* ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Female ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Case-Control Studies ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Aged

Drug resistance refers to the reduced or lost sensitivity of microorganisms to key drugs used in clinical (routine) treatment. Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to global public health and safety. The misuse and abuse of antibacterial drugs not only causes inefficient treatment of bacterial infectious diseases, but also exacerbates the evolution of bacterial antimicrobial resistance and the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. As one of the cutting-edge scientific techniques, microfluidic chip technology has shown extensive application potentials in various fields. In the rapid detection of drug-resistant bacteria, microfluidic chip technology has the advantages of fast speed, high degree of automation, and the ability to perform multiple detections. This article focuses on bacterial antimicrobial resistance, and briefly introduces the principle of microfluidic chips, systematically outlines the application of microfluidic technology in antimicrobial resistance detection, and provides a theoretical reference for the diagnosis of clinical bacterial infectious diseases.

The menopausal age is one of the important menopausal factors, and women of different menopausal ages have different risks of diabetes. This study reviewed the evidence from prospective studies on the association between the age at natural menopause and diabetes risk, both domestically and internationally, and presented its research design and main findings. Advanced menopause, especially premature and early menopause, will increase the risk of diabetes in postmenopausal women. The research on the influence of delayed menopause on the incidence of diabetes is still insufficient. Many factors may modify the association between menopausal age and the risk of diabetes.

The menopausal age is one of the important menopausal factors, and women of different menopausal ages have different risks of diabetes. This study reviewed the evidence from prospective studies on the association between the age at natural menopause and diabetes risk, both domestically and internationally, and presented its research design and main findings. Advanced menopause, especially premature and early menopause, will increase the risk of diabetes in postmenopausal women. The research on the influence of delayed menopause on the incidence of diabetes is still insufficient. Many factors may modify the association between menopausal age and the risk of diabetes.

Drug resistance refers to the reduced or lost sensitivity of microorganisms to key drugs used in clinical (routine) treatment. Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to global public health and safety. The misuse and abuse of antibacterial drugs not only causes inefficient treatment of bacterial infectious diseases, but also exacerbates the evolution of bacterial antimicrobial resistance and the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. As one of the cutting-edge scientific techniques, microfluidic chip technology has shown extensive application potentials in various fields. In the rapid detection of drug-resistant bacteria, microfluidic chip technology has the advantages of fast speed, high degree of automation, and the ability to perform multiple detections. This article focuses on bacterial antimicrobial resistance, and briefly introduces the principle of microfluidic chips, systematically outlines the application of microfluidic technology in antimicrobial resistance detection, and provides a theoretical reference for the diagnosis of clinical bacterial infectious diseases.

Objective:To analyze the efficacy and influencing factors of cyclosporine(CsA)alone in the treatment of children with acquired aplastic anemia(AA).Methods:The clinical data of children diagnosed with AA and treated with CsA alone from January 1,2016 to December 31,2020 in the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were collected,and the efficacy and influencing factors of CsA treatment were evaluated.Results:Among the 119 patients,there were 62 male and 57 female,with a median age of 7 years and 1 month.There were 45 cases of very severe AA(VSAA),47 cases of severe AA(SAA),and 27 cases of non-severe AA(NSAA).At 6 months after treatment,the efficacy of VSAA was lower than that of SAA and NSAA,and there was a statistical difference(P＜0.01).6 cases died early,16 cases relapsed,2 cases progressed to AML and ALL.The results of univariate analysis showed that the high proportion of lymphocyte in the bone marrow at 6 months was an adverse factor for the efficacy of CsA,while high PLT count was a protective factor(P=0.008,P=0.002).The ROC curve showed that the cut-off values of PLT count and the proportion of bone marrow lymphocyte at 6 months were 16.5 × 109/L,68.5％,respectively.Multivariate analysis showed that the high proportion of lymphocyte in bone marrow at 6 months was an independent adverse factor for IST(P=0.020,OR=0.062),and high PLT count was a protective factor(P=0.044,OR=1.038).At 3 months of treatment,CsA response and NSAA were the risk factor for recurrence(P=0.001,0.031).Conclusion:The efficacy of NSAA was higher than that of SAA and VSAA after 6 months of treatment with CsA alone.A high PLT count at the initial diagnosis was a good factor for the effectiveness of CsA,and a high proportion of bone marrow lymphocyte was an unfavorable factor.CsA response at 3 months and NSAA were risk factors for recurrence.

Objective To investigate the cumulative incidence of recurrence(CIR)in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL)after treatment with the Chinese Children's Cancer Group ALL-2015(CCCG-ALL-2015)protocol and the risk factors for recurrence.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 852 children who were treated with the CCCG-ALL-2015 protocol from January 2015 to December 2019.CIR was calculated,and the risk factors for the recurrence of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia(B-ALL)were analyzed.Results Among the 852 children with ALL,146(17.1%)experienced recurrence,with an 8-year CIR of 19.8%±1.6%.There was no significant difference in 8-year CIR between the B-ALL group and the acute T lymphocyte leukemia group(P>0.05).For the 146 children with recurrence,recurrence was mainly observed in the very early stage(n=62,42.5%)and the early stage(n=46,31.5%),and there were 42 children with bone marrow recurrence alone(28.8%)in the very early stage and 27 children with bone marrow recurrence alone(18.5%)in the early stage.The Cox proportional-hazards regression model analysis showed that positive MLLr fusion gene(HR=4.177,95%CI:2.086-8.364,P<0.001)and minimal residual disease≥0.01%on day 46(HR=2.013,95%CI:1.163-3.483,P=0.012)were independent risk factors for recurrence in children with B-ALL after treatment with the CCCG-ALL-2015 protocol.Conclusions There is still a relatively high recurrence rate in children with ALL after treatment with the CCCG-ALL-2015 protocol,mainly bone marrow recurrence alone in the very early stage and the early stage,and minimal residual disease≥0.01%on day 46 and positive MLLr fusion gene are closely associated with the recurrence of B-ALL.

Objective To analyze the characteristics and risk factors of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in patients receiving veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(V-V ECMO)treatment.Methods Clinical data of 141 patients who received V-V ECMO treatment in the intensive care unit(ICU)of a tertiary first-class hos-pital in Qingdao from January 2019 to November 2023 were collected.Patients were divided into the infection group and non-infection group based on whether HAI occurred.Characteristics of HAI were analyzed,risk factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results Among 141 V-V ECMO patients,inci-dence of HAI was 37.59％(n=53).A total of 81 strains of pathogens were isolated from patients in the infection group,Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 56.79％(n=46),mainly Acinetobacter baumannii,which was up to 28.39％(carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baurnannii[CRAB]accounted for 16.05％).The main type of HAI in V-V ECMO patients was pulmonary infection alone(54.72％),followed by bloodstream infection alone(20.75％),multi-site infection accounted for 22.64％.Univariate analysis result showed that compared with the non-infection group,there were statistically significant differences in the history of immunosuppressive agents use,ICU transfer history,surgical history,fiberbronchoscopy,renal replacement therapy,duration of ICU stay,duration of tracheal intubation and/or tracheotomy,duration of urinary catheterization,duration of gastric tube placement,duration of central venous catheterization,duration of antimicrobial use,and duration of V-V ECMO support(all P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis result showed that ICU transfer history and fiberbronchoscopy were inde-pendent risk factors for HAI in V-V ECMO patients(OR=6.850,4.643,respectively,both P＜0.05).Conclusion Hospitals should take effective prevention and control measures based on the characteristics and related risk factors of HAI in patients receiving V-V ECMO treatment to reduce the occurrence of HAI.

Objective To explore the incidence of long CO VID symptoms in patients infected with Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Methods According to the inclusion and exclu-sion criteria of literatures,relevant studies without language restrictions published up to 2024 were retrieved from both Chinese and English databases.The Chinese databases were China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Database,and VIP databases,and the foreign databases were PubMed,Embase,and Web of Science.Three-step screening was used to select literatures,and Stata 17.0 software was used for analysis.Results The incidence of at least one sequelae in patients infected with Omicron variant was 29.62％.The most common symptoms included fatigue(19.10％),joint or muscle pain(11.06％),memory loss(9.71％),brain fog(8.80％),cough(8.42％),headache(7.26％),and sore throat(6.68％).Subgroup analysis results showed that with the extension of follow-up(3 months vs 6 months),the incidence of smell or taste changes was significantly re-duced(7.22％vs 0.78％).The higher the proportion of women(＜50％vs 50％-65％vs＞65％),the higher the incidence of joint or muscle pain(1.09％vs 4.62％vs 19.53％);the greater the median age(≥45 years vs＜45 years),the higher the incidence of chest pain or chest distress(0.90％vs 3.86％),all with statistically significant differences(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Incidence of long COVID in Omicron-infected patients is high and can cause various symptoms.Follow-up time,median age and gender proportion have significant impacts on the incidence of some symptoms.