Aged ; Animals ; Arcobacter/genetics* ; Chickens ; Diarrhea/microbiology* ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics* ; Genes, Bacterial ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/veterinary* ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Phylogeny ; Poultry Diseases/microbiology* ; Virulence ; Virulence Factors/genetics*

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of MHCⅠ gene in different tissues of Rana dybowskii under the stress of Aeromonas hydrophila (Ah), and to provide evidence for revealing the anti-infective immune response mechanism of amphibians. The experimental animal model of Aeromonas hydrophila infection was first constructed, and the pathological changes were observed by HE staining. The MHCⅠ gene α1+α2 peptide binding region of Rana dybowskii was cloned by RT-PCR and analyzed by bioinformatics. Real-time PCR was used to detect the transcription level of MHCⅠ in different tissues under Ah stress. After Ah infection, the skin, liver and muscle tissues showed signs of cell structure disappearance and texture disorder. The MHCⅠ gene α1+α2 peptide binding region fragment was 494 bp, encoding 164 amino acids, and homology with amphibians. Above 77%, the homology with mammals was as low as 14.96%, indicating that the α1+α2 region of MHC gene was less conserved among different species. The results of real-time PCR show that the liver, spleen and kidney of the experimental group were under Ah stress. The transcript levels of MHCⅠ gene in skin and muscle tissues were higher than those in the control group at 72 h, but the time to peak of each tissue was different (P<0.01), indicating that the response time of MHCⅠ gene in different tissues was different under Ah stress. This study provides a reference for further exploring the immune function of MHC molecules in anti-infection.
Aeromonas hydrophila ; Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; immunology ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; immunology ; Liver ; metabolism ; Ranidae ; genetics ; immunology ; microbiology ; Skin ; metabolism

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of isolates from clinical patients, tap water systems, and food. Methods: Ninety isolates were obtained from Ma'anshan, Anhui province, China, and subjected to multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) with six housekeeping genes. Their taxonomy was investigated using concatenated sequences, while their resistance to 12 antibiotics was evaluated. Ten putative virulence factors and several resistance genes were identified by PCR and sequencing. Results: The 90 isolates were divided into 84 sequence types, 80 of which were novel, indicating high genetic diversity. The isolates were classified into eight different species. PCR assays identified virulence genes in the isolates, with the enterotoxin and hemolysin genes , , , and found in 47 (52.2%), 13 (14.4%), 22 (24.4%), and 12 (13.3%) of the isolates, respectively. The majority of the isolates (≥ 90%) were susceptible to aztreonam, imipenem, cefepime, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. However, several resistance genes were detected in the isolates, as well as a new variant. Conclusions Sequence type, virulence properties, and antibiotic resistance vary in isolates from clinical patients, tap water systems, and food.
Aeromonas ; drug effects ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; China ; Drinking Water ; microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Food Microbiology ; Genetic Variation ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Virulence

As one of the most common pathogens in aquatic animals, Aeromonas hydrophila exhibits a wide range of pathogenicity. Due to factors like unreasonable use of antibiotics and horizontal gene transfer mediated by plasmids, many resistant strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were isolated from ready-to-eat seafood products in retail markets, supermarkets and restaurants. These strains carry many resistance genes. Therefore, it is essential to explore the key control points, and seek for prevention and control strategies so as to effectively alleviate antibiotic resistance. We review here the prevalence of drug resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila in China, and its main infection and resistance mechanisms, and the main means and strategies for reducing and preventing drug resistance. We also address further research directions and focus on drug resistance in Aeromonas hydrophila of the aquatic product.
Aeromonas hydrophila ; drug effects ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; China ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Fish Diseases ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Research

No abstract available.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cefotaxime/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Gallstones/surgery ; Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria/drug effects/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Metronidazole/therapeutic use ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Infections by Cronobacter spp. are hazardous to infants since they can lead to neonatal meningitis, bacteremia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Cronobacter spp. are frequently resistant to β-lactam derivatives, macrolides, and aminoglycosides. In addition, multi-resistant strains have also been detected. In China, the isolation rate of Cronobacter spp. from commercial powdered infant formula (PIF) or follow-up formula (FUF) is relatively high. Nevertheless, clinical cases of Cronobacter infection have been ignored to date. Here we describe two cases of Cronobacter infection detected at the Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center Hospital (Wuhan City, China). We provide the genomic analysis of the isolates and the antibiotic-resistance profiles of the two strains. The Cronobacter strains identified in this study were not susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycoside, and/or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Whole genome sequencing revealed various genes known to encode antibiotic resistance. Future studies are needed to determine whether the genes predicted in this study are functional. As with Enterobacter spp., the antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter is a serious issue that requires more attention.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Cronobacter ; drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; microbiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the infection status and virulent genes of Aeromonas in patients with acute diarrhea in Pudong New Area, Shanghai.

METHODSIn 2012, stool samples were collected from diarrhea patients in 12 sentinel hospitals in Pudong for the detections of 13 pathogens causing diarrhea, and the detections of 5 diarrhea related virulent genes were conducted for Aeromonas isolates.

RESULTSA total of 101 patients were infected with Aeromonas in 2533 patients (4.0%). A total of 101 Aeromonas strains were isolated, including 17 Aeromonas hydrophila strains (18.8%), 44 Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria strains (52.5%) and 12 Aeromonas caviae strains (29.7%). And 44 coinfections with other pathogens were detected. Aeromonas infection mainly occurred in summer and in people aged ≥20 years. Among the patients infected with Aeromonas, 71 (70.3%) had watery diarrhea, 20 (19.8%) had vomiting and 11 (10.9%) had fever. Virulent genes detection showed that 95.0% of the Aeromonas. strains carried virulent genes, and the detection rates of hlyA, aerA, act, alt, and ast genes were 5.9%, 6.9%, 67.3%, 42.6% and 13.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSHigh incidence of Aeromonas infection was found in the patients with acute diarrhea in Pudong, and a high proportion of coinfections with other pathogens was detected too. Most Aeromonas strains carried virulent genes, and the distribution varied.

Aeromonas ; genetics ; Aeromonas hydrophila ; genetics ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; microbiology ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Humans ; Seasons ; Virulence ; genetics ; Young Adult

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with severe bacterial infection (SBI) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients during treatment with bortezomib-based regimens. A total of 98 patients with MM were evaluated during 427 treatment courses. SBI occurred in 57.1% (56/98) of the patients and during 19.0% (81/427) of the treatment courses. In the multivariate analysis for the factors associated with the development of SBI in each treatment course, poor performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ≥ 2, P < 0.001), early course of therapy (≤ 2 courses, P < 0.001), and pretreatment lymphopenia (absolute lymphocyte count < 1.0 × 10(9)/L, P = 0.043) were confirmed as independent risk factors. The probability of developing SBI were 5.1%, 14.9%, 23.9% and 59.5% in courses with 0, 1, 2, and 3 risk factors, respectively (P < 0.001). In conclusion, we identified three pretreatment risk factors associated with SBI in each course of bortezomib treatment. Therefore, MM patients with these risk factors should be more closely monitored for the development of SBI during bortezomib-based treatment.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Infections/*complications/microbiology ; Bortezomib/*administration & dosage ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphopenia/*therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma/complications/*drug therapy/mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Survival Rate ; Transplantation, Homologous

OBJECTIVE: To study the distribution and drug sensitivity test of bacteria of patients on chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps. METHOD: The purulent discharges were collected from sinus of 175 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps during endoscopic sinus surgery. The results of germiculture and drug sensitivity test were analyzed. RESULT: From 175 specimens, 118 (67%) showed positive results in germiculture. Among them, 79 strains of gram positive bacteria and 39 strains of gram negative bacteria were detected. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were the most common pathogens in gram positive bacteria. The most common pathogens of gram negative bacteria were P. Aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae. The sensitive antibiotic on gram positive bacteria were amikacin, Daptomycin, Linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium, cefuroxime, respectively. The sensitive antibiotics on Gram negative bacteria were amikacin, Cefoperazone/sulbactam and imipenem, ceftazidime ceftazidime, aztreonam, levofloxacin, respectively. CONCLUSION Bacterial infection was common happened in the sinus cavity of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps. Gram positive bacteria were the main pathogenic bacteria and gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria have great differences in the sensitivity of antibiotics. For patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, the using of antibiotics should depend on the drug sensitivity test.
Bacterial Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; drug effects ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Nasal Polyps ; microbiology ; Rhinitis ; microbiology ; Sinusitis ; microbiology

To analyze the clinical characteristics of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) associated peritonitis in the tertiary hospitals and to discuss the preventive and therapeutic strategy.
 Methods: The clinical characteristics, pathogens, resistance and outcomes of 126 CAPD associated peritonitis in 104 patients from Jan, 2013 to June, 2016, were retrospectively analyzed.
 Results: Among the patients, the incidence rates of abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea and emesis were 104 (82.54%), 56 (44.44%), 49 (38.89%), and 31 (23.60%), respectively. Among them, 88 patients suffered peritonitis once, other 16 patients suffered multiple peritonitis or recurrent peritonitis for 38 times. Among the 38 times, the numbers for recurrent, repeated or catheter-associated peritonitis were 2, 2, or 3, respectively. Peritoneal fluids from 103 cases were cultured, and 64 cases were positive in bacteria, with a rate of 62.14%. A total of 70 strains of bacteria were separated, including 42 strains of gram-positive bacteria, 21 strains of gram-negative bacteria, and 7 strains of fungus. The most common gram-positive pathogens were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, while Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common gram-negative bacteria. Candida albicans was the major fungal pathogens. Gram-positive cocci showed resistance to gentamycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, vancomycin and linezolid, with a rate at 20.00%, 36.11%, 5%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. The gram-negative bacilli were resistent to cefoperazone/sulbactam, gentamycin, cephazolin, and ceftazidime, with a rate at 6.25%, 10.53%, 64.29%, and 15.38%, respectively. There were no imipenem, amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam-resistant strains were found.
 Conclusion: The most common pathogen causing CAPD associated peritonitis is gram-positive bacteria. It is crucial to take the anti-infection therapy for CAPD associated peritonitis early. The positive rates for bacterial culture need to be enhanced through improvement of methods. At the same time, doctors could improve the outcome of CAPD associated peritonitis by adjusting the medication according to the drug sensitivity results.
Abdominal Pain ; epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Candidiasis ; epidemiology ; Catheters ; adverse effects ; microbiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Escherichia coli ; Fever ; epidemiology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; Humans ; Imipenem ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mycoses ; epidemiology ; Penicillanic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory ; adverse effects ; Peritonitis ; complications ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Piperacillin ; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; Staphylococcus haemolyticus ; Vomiting ; epidemiology