Objective In order to understand the current resistance status of Aedes albopictus(Ae. albopictus) adult population to commonly used insecticides and the resistance dynamics development in Zhejiang Province and provide a theoretical basis for the scientific and rational use of hygienic insecticides. Methods Resistance determination was carried out using the diagnostic dose method(GB/T 26347-2010)recommended by WHO in the adult mosquito contact cylinder method to monitor the resistance of Ae. albopictus field populations in 11 cities and districts in Zhejiang Province in 2024. Results The monitoring result showed that adult Ae. albopictus in 11 areas were resistant or suspected resistant populations to both cis-cypermethrin and permethrin; suspected and resistant populations to the organophosphate insecticide malathion were as high as 81.82%; while suspected resistance to the carbamate insecticide residual carbofuran accounted for 45.45%, and the rest of the monitoring sites were sensitive to it. Conclusions The result suggest that the generalized resistance of Ae. albopictus populations to pyrethroids and organophosphorus insecticides in the field in Zhejiang Province needs to be highly emphasized. In future mosquito vector and mosquito-borne disease control, insecticides should be selected based on the resistance monitoring information, while following scientific guidelines for insecticide use.

The aim of this updated guideline is to provide comprehensive recommendations for the management of gout in patients with common comorbidities, such as chronic kidney disease(CKD), cardiovascular disease(CVD), diabetes, osteoarthritis(OA), and gastrointestinal disorders. This guideline was developed by a multidisciplinary expert panel consisting of specialists in endocrinology, rheumatology, nephrology, cardiology, gastroenterology, and methodology. The development process adhered to standard methodologies, including PICO(population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes) question deconstruction, systematic literature review, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation(GRADE) for evidence and recommendation evaluation, Delphi voting, and expert consensus. The guideline presents 26 evidence-based recommendations addressing 7 clinical questions for patients with hyperuricemia and gout in the context of comorbidities. Key recommendations include the maintenance of strict serum urate targets, particularly for patients with CKD stage≥3, chronic gouty arthritis, and OA, in order to prevent disease progression. In patients with CVD or diabetes, intra-articular triamcinolone is preferred over systemic glucocorticoids. Prioritized anti-inflammatory treatments for patients with CKD, gastrointestinal diseases and OA are recommended. The guideline also introduces emerging therapies, such as interleukin-1 inhibitors and selective urate transport inhibitors, as potential treatment options for refractory cases. The update offers a comprehensive, patient-centered approach to managing gout, particularly in individuals with associated comorbidities. Multidisciplinary collaboration and emerging new treatments and evidence ensure the optimization of the recommendations.

Immobilized enzyme-based enzyme electrode biosensors, characterized by high sensitivity and efficiency, strong specificity, and compact size, demonstrate broad application prospects in life science research, disease diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Immobilization of enzyme is a critical step in determining the performance (stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility) of the biosensors. Random immobilization (physical adsorption, covalent cross-linking, etc.) can easily bring about problems, such as decreased enzyme activity and relatively unstable immobilization. Whereas, directional immobilization utilizing amino acid residue mutation, affinity peptide fusion, or nucleotide-specific binding to restrict the orientation of the enzymes provides new possibilities to solve the problems caused by random immobilization. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and the application progress of enzyme electrode biosensors of different directional immobilization strategies for enzyme molecular sensing elements by specific amino acids (lysine, histidine, cysteine, unnatural amino acid) with functional groups introduced based on site-specific mutation, affinity peptides (gold binding peptides, carbon binding peptides, carbohydrate binding domains) fused through genetic engineering, and specific binding between nucleotides and target enzymes (proteins) were reviewed, and the application fields, advantages and limitations of various immobilized enzyme interface characterization techniques were discussed, hoping to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the creation of high-performance enzyme sensing elements and the manufacture of enzyme electrode sensors.

We analyzed the epidemiological features and spatial distribution characteristics of human brucellosis in Jining city from 2014 to 2023,to provide a reference for further development of targeted prevention and control strategies and measures.Descrip-tive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis cases in Jining from 2014 to 2023.The spatial regional correlation of brucellosis incidence in Jining and the clustering patterns of local areas were studied through spatial autocorrelation analysis with townships as the basic unit.A total of 3 520 cases of brucellosis were reported in Jining from 2014 to 2023,and the average annual incidence rate was 4.23/100 000,thus indicating a fluctuating trend overall.Reported cases peaked from March to August,and a sex ratio of 2.71 males to 1 female was observed.The 40-59 year age group had the most reported cases(50.39％).The incidence of brucellosis in Jining showed an imbalanced spatial distribution.Brucellosis incidence showed a spatially clustered distribution(Moran's I>0,P<0.05).Hotspots were distributed primarily in Sishui,Qufu,and Zoucheng.A total of one class Ⅰ clustering area and one class Ⅱ clustering area were detected in the spatial and temporal scans,and were located in Sishui,Qufu,and Liangshan county.After pathogenic AMOS-PCR typing analysis,64 Brucella isolates collected from Jinan City from 2022 to 2024 were all of the sheep strain,and sheep biovar 3 was predominant(70.31％).In 2014-2023,although Jining City experienced a high incidence of brucellosis,a downward trend was observed.Brucellosis showed a spatial clustering pattern concentrated in the northeastern region.Therefore,awareness and education must be strengthened among brucellosis practitioners in cluster areas,to en-hance case surveillance,improve the level of protection,and achieve early detection and treatment.

We analyzed the epidemiological features and spatial distribution characteristics of human brucellosis in Jining city from 2014 to 2023,to provide a reference for further development of targeted prevention and control strategies and measures.Descrip-tive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis cases in Jining from 2014 to 2023.The spatial regional correlation of brucellosis incidence in Jining and the clustering patterns of local areas were studied through spatial autocorrelation analysis with townships as the basic unit.A total of 3 520 cases of brucellosis were reported in Jining from 2014 to 2023,and the average annual incidence rate was 4.23/100 000,thus indicating a fluctuating trend overall.Reported cases peaked from March to August,and a sex ratio of 2.71 males to 1 female was observed.The 40-59 year age group had the most reported cases(50.39％).The incidence of brucellosis in Jining showed an imbalanced spatial distribution.Brucellosis incidence showed a spatially clustered distribution(Moran's I>0,P<0.05).Hotspots were distributed primarily in Sishui,Qufu,and Zoucheng.A total of one class Ⅰ clustering area and one class Ⅱ clustering area were detected in the spatial and temporal scans,and were located in Sishui,Qufu,and Liangshan county.After pathogenic AMOS-PCR typing analysis,64 Brucella isolates collected from Jinan City from 2022 to 2024 were all of the sheep strain,and sheep biovar 3 was predominant(70.31％).In 2014-2023,although Jining City experienced a high incidence of brucellosis,a downward trend was observed.Brucellosis showed a spatial clustering pattern concentrated in the northeastern region.Therefore,awareness and education must be strengthened among brucellosis practitioners in cluster areas,to en-hance case surveillance,improve the level of protection,and achieve early detection and treatment.

Objective To analyze the molecular epidemiology and colistin-resistant genes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)by whole-genome sequencing,and to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods 57 CRKP strains isolated from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients in a tertiary general first-class hospital in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2023 were collected and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed.Multilocus sequence typing,capsule serotype,resistance genes,and virulence genes of CRKP strains were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing technique,and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis was conducted on sequences of all strains.Colistin resistance-related genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Results 57 CRKP strains exhibited resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents,with the exception of tigecycline.The se-quencing results showed that 93.0％(53/57)of CRKP carried blaKPC-2,and the ST11 type CRKP strain had the highest detection rate(51/57,89.5％).Single nucleotide polymorphism clustering analysis showed that the 57 CRKP strains were divided into 11 clone groups,of which 4 clone groups were all ST11-KL64 type CRKP.40(70.2％)CRKP strains carried multiple virulence genes.Five strains of CRKP were colistin-resistant strains,the resistance mechanism involved the insertion of ISKpn26 element at site 70 of the mgrB gene.Conclusion The CRKP strain is primarily characterized by the production of KPC-2 ST11-KL64,with disseminated transmission in intensive care unit.The insertion of ISKpn26 element leading to mgrB gene mutation is related to resistance of CRKP to colistin in this region.

Objective To analyze the molecular epidemiology and colistin-resistant genes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)by whole-genome sequencing,and to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods 57 CRKP strains isolated from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients in a tertiary general first-class hospital in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2023 were collected and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed.Multilocus sequence typing,capsule serotype,resistance genes,and virulence genes of CRKP strains were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing technique,and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis was conducted on sequences of all strains.Colistin resistance-related genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Results 57 CRKP strains exhibited resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents,with the exception of tigecycline.The se-quencing results showed that 93.0％(53/57)of CRKP carried blaKPC-2,and the ST11 type CRKP strain had the highest detection rate(51/57,89.5％).Single nucleotide polymorphism clustering analysis showed that the 57 CRKP strains were divided into 11 clone groups,of which 4 clone groups were all ST11-KL64 type CRKP.40(70.2％)CRKP strains carried multiple virulence genes.Five strains of CRKP were colistin-resistant strains,the resistance mechanism involved the insertion of ISKpn26 element at site 70 of the mgrB gene.Conclusion The CRKP strain is primarily characterized by the production of KPC-2 ST11-KL64,with disseminated transmission in intensive care unit.The insertion of ISKpn26 element leading to mgrB gene mutation is related to resistance of CRKP to colistin in this region.

The aim of this updated guideline is to provide comprehensive recommendations for the management of gout in patients with common comorbidities, such as chronic kidney disease(CKD), cardiovascular disease(CVD), diabetes, osteoarthritis(OA), and gastrointestinal disorders. This guideline was developed by a multidisciplinary expert panel consisting of specialists in endocrinology, rheumatology, nephrology, cardiology, gastroenterology, and methodology. The development process adhered to standard methodologies, including PICO(population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes) question deconstruction, systematic literature review, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation(GRADE) for evidence and recommendation evaluation, Delphi voting, and expert consensus. The guideline presents 26 evidence-based recommendations addressing 7 clinical questions for patients with hyperuricemia and gout in the context of comorbidities. Key recommendations include the maintenance of strict serum urate targets, particularly for patients with CKD stage≥3, chronic gouty arthritis, and OA, in order to prevent disease progression. In patients with CVD or diabetes, intra-articular triamcinolone is preferred over systemic glucocorticoids. Prioritized anti-inflammatory treatments for patients with CKD, gastrointestinal diseases and OA are recommended. The guideline also introduces emerging therapies, such as interleukin-1 inhibitors and selective urate transport inhibitors, as potential treatment options for refractory cases. The update offers a comprehensive, patient-centered approach to managing gout, particularly in individuals with associated comorbidities. Multidisciplinary collaboration and emerging new treatments and evidence ensure the optimization of the recommendations.

Objective: The nine diagnostic criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) proposed in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) have been widely adopted, but have also faced significant criticism. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the nine DSM-5 criteria for IGD using item response theory (IRT). Methods: Four DSM-5-based scales, including the Game Addiction Scale, the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short-Form, the Ten- Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test, and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, were administered to 1,530 Chinese adolescents and young adults. IRT models were used to assess the psychometric properties of these criteria. The potential for differential item functioning (DIF) related to sex and between adolescents and adults was also evaluated. Results: All nine DSM-5 criteria demonstrated very high to perfect discrimination (a >1.38), providing substantial diagnostic information (item information >0.476) for diagnosing IGD. These scales, despite variations in wording and scoring methods, exhibited strong correlations in total scores (r≥0.502, p<0.001) and high consistency (Kendall’s W ≥0.656, p<0.05) concerning the fitted IRT parameters. Among the nine criteria, escape showed the lowest cross-scale discrimination, item information, and difficulty. In contrast, withdrawal showed the highest item information and discrimination, and the second highest difficulty. Additionally, there was no evidence of DIF related to sex or age (adolescents vs. adults) across nearly all scale items. Conclusion These findings indicate that the nine DSM-5 criteria generally possess acceptable psychometric properties for diagnosing IGD. Notably, withdrawal may represent a core symptom of IGD. Conversely, escape demonstrated inferior performance compared to the other eight criteria, indicating a potential need for further revision.

The construction of a medication safety culture is important for medication safety management and rational drug use.The construction of medication safety culture standards is formulated based on relevant national policies and regulations,accreditation standards for hospitals,expert opinions,the current situation,and the development trend of the healthcare industry.With scientificity,general applicability,instructive guidance,and practicality,they standardized basic requirements,management processes,and improvement of the construction of medication safety culture.To facilitate understanding and the implementation of the standards,we describe the process of standards formulation and explain the key points of the standards.