Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in Korea and the third leading cause of death from cancer. Treatment outcomes for colon cancer are steadily improving due to national health screening programs with advances in diagnostic methods, surgical techniques, and therapeutic agents.. The Korea Colon Cancer Multidisciplinary (KCCM) Committee intends to provide professionals who treat colon cancer with the most up-to-date, evidence-based practice guidelines to improve outcomes and help them make decisions that reflect their patients’ values and preferences. These guidelines have been established by consensus reached by the KCCM Guideline Committee based on a systematic literature review and evidence synthesis and by considering the national health insurance system in real clinical practice settings. Each recommendation is presented with a recommendation strength and level of evidence based on the consensus of the committee.

Oxidative stress contributes to the onset of chronic diseases in various organs, including muscles. Morroniside, a type of iridoid glycoside contained in Cornus officinalis, is reported to have advantages as a natural compound that prevents various diseases.However, the question of whether this phytochemical exerts any inhibitory effect against oxidative stress in muscle cells has not been well reported. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate whether morroniside can protect against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) in murine C2C12 myoblasts. Our results demonstrate that morroniside pretreatment was able to inhibit cytotoxicity while suppressing H2O2-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Morroniside also significantly improved the antioxidant capacity in H2O2-challenged C2C12 cells by blocking the production of cellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide and increasing glutathione production. In addition, H2O2-induced mitochondrial damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were effectively attenuated by morroniside pretreatment, inhibiting cytoplasmic leakage of cytochrome c and expression of ER stress-related proteins. Furthermore, morroniside neutralized H2O2-mediated calcium (Ca2+ ) overload in mitochondria and mitigated the expression of calpains, cytosolic Ca2+ -dependent proteases. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that morroniside protected against mitochondrial impairment and Ca2+ -mediated ER stress by minimizing oxidative stress, thereby inhibiting H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in C2C12 myoblasts.

Purpose: We compared optical biometric measurements made using new swept-source optical-coherence tomography, low-coherence reflectometry, autokeratometry, and A-scan biometry. Methods: In total, 86 eyes of 47 patients were included. Axial length, lens thickness, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature were measured using the Anterion® (Heidelberg Engineering, inc., Heidelberg, Germany) and Lenstar LS 900® (Haag-Streit AG, Koeniz, Switzerland) platforms. Corneal curvature and axial length were measured using the Essilor AKR 750® (Essilor instruments, France, Charenton-le-Pont) and PacScan 300A® (Sonomed Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) platforms, respectively. The evaluated biometric parameters were compared and verified; intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots were used to analyze statistical agreement. Results: The differences between the Anterion® and Lenstar LS 900® platforms in terms of axial length, lens thickness, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, and white-to-white diameter were -0.02 ± 0.08, 0.08 ± 0.13, -2.66 ± 11.12, 0.05 ± 0.12, and 0.08 ± 0.26, respectively. All values were statistically significant. The mean corneal curvature between Anterion® and Lenstar LS 900® had a statistically significant difference of -0.08 ± 0.47, while the difference between the Anterion® and AKR 750® platforms was not significant. Biometric parameters measured using an Anterion® and other devices showed a strong positive correlation when assessed using Pearson’s correlation analysis; there was good agreement between the results when analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. Conclusions Optical biometric measurements made using the Anterion® platform were not significantly different from those obtained using other devices, but there were significant differences compared to the Lenstar LS 900® platform. Since these significant differences could influence decision making during intraocular lens selection for cataract surgery, the values are clinically useful for reference.

The phenotypic variability of variant Turner syndrome is wide, ranging from characteristic clinical features to those that are hardly distinguishable from the general population. A 4-year-old girl presented with multiple brownish macules and patches on the trunk and upper extremities as well as axillary freckles. Exome sequencing and chromosomal microarray testing revealed a microdeletion at Xp22.33p22.11 leading to a diagnosis of Turner syndrome. Here we describe an unusual case of variant Turner syndrome with multiple café-au-lait spots.

Background: Green nail syndrome (GNS) is characterized by a greenish discoloration of the nail with accompanying nail apparatus disorders, such as onycholysis or paronychia. To date, data on the clinical characteristics of GNS are limited, especially in Korea. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of GNS. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and clinical photographs of 78 patients with 91 GNS lesions diagnosed at the Pusan National University Hospitals (Busan and Yangsan) from 2009 to 2021. Results: Among 78 patients, 47 (60.3%) were female and 31 male (39.7%), with a mean age of 53.1 years (23∼82 years). This study included 56 fingernail (61.5%) and 35 toenail lesions (38.5%). Thumbnails and great toenails were the most common site, with 62 lesions (68.1%). Most patients presented predisposing conditions, such as frequent exposure to wet conditions (55.1%), immunosuppressive conditions (26.9%), and trauma history (29.5%). The most common colors, shapes, and eccentricities of GNS were blackish-green (31.9%), reverse triangle (53.8%), and distal eccentricity (42.9%), respectively. The GNS was accompanied by various nail diseases that mostly (80.2%) preceded the syndrome, and onycholysis was the most common (83.5%). Based on the involvement of the nail surface or subsurface, GNS can be divided into the superficial (15.4%), subungual (73.6%), and mixed (11.0%) subtypes, each of which shows different clinical features, such as multiplicity, color, shape, and eccentricity. Conclusion This is the largest-scale study showing the clinical characteristics of GNS and can be helpful for dermatologists who usually and primarily treat GNS.

Objectives: . The aim of this study was to investigate whether preserved vestibular function in the high-frequency range influences the prognosis of patients with bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) after vestibular rehabilitation. Methods: . Twenty-four patients followed up with vestibular rehabilitation were recruited. The enrolled patients were divided into two groups according to the preservation of the high-frequency vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) based on the video head impulse test (vHIT). The results of computerized dynamic posturography and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) survey collected at baseline and at the 6-month follow-up after vestibular rehabilitation therapy were analyzed. Results: . Both groups showed significantly increased composite and DHI scores after follow-up with vestibular rehabilitation. The group with preserved high-frequency VOR showed a better composite score (p=0.064) and vestibular score (p= 0.008) than the group with lost high-frequency VOR at the 6-month follow up. The DHI score significantly decreased only in the group with lost high-frequency VOR (p=0.047). Among the three vestibular function tests (caloric test, rotary chair test, and vHIT) used to diagnose BVP, only vHIT showed a significant correlation (p=0.015) with a favorable prognosis (composite score ≥70). Conclusion . Better treatment outcomes are likely in patients with BVP with preserved vestibular function in response to high-frequency stimulation, as measured by the vHIT.