Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by nocturnal airway obstruction, hypoxia, and arousal, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including arrhythmia. This case report describes the association between OSA and nocturnal sinus tachycardia in a 58-year-old woman who presented with sleep maintenance difficulties and recurrent nocturnal tachycardia. Polysomnography confirmed a direct correlation among the apnea/hypopnea episodes, tachycardia, and sleep maintenance difficulties. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy effectively resolved tachycardia and sleep maintenance difficulties, reducing the number of medications required to alleviate the symptoms. This report highlights the importance of considering OSA as a possible cause of unexplained nocturnal tachycardia.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by nocturnal airway obstruction, hypoxia, and arousal, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including arrhythmia. This case report describes the association between OSA and nocturnal sinus tachycardia in a 58-year-old woman who presented with sleep maintenance difficulties and recurrent nocturnal tachycardia. Polysomnography confirmed a direct correlation among the apnea/hypopnea episodes, tachycardia, and sleep maintenance difficulties. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy effectively resolved tachycardia and sleep maintenance difficulties, reducing the number of medications required to alleviate the symptoms. This report highlights the importance of considering OSA as a possible cause of unexplained nocturnal tachycardia.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by nocturnal airway obstruction, hypoxia, and arousal, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including arrhythmia. This case report describes the association between OSA and nocturnal sinus tachycardia in a 58-year-old woman who presented with sleep maintenance difficulties and recurrent nocturnal tachycardia. Polysomnography confirmed a direct correlation among the apnea/hypopnea episodes, tachycardia, and sleep maintenance difficulties. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy effectively resolved tachycardia and sleep maintenance difficulties, reducing the number of medications required to alleviate the symptoms. This report highlights the importance of considering OSA as a possible cause of unexplained nocturnal tachycardia.

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues regulate glucose homeostasis and have anti-inflammatory properties, but cause gastrointestinal side effects. The fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormonal regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism that has poor pharmacokinetic properties, including a short half-life. To overcome these limitations, we investigated the effect of a low-dose combination of a GLP-1 analogue and FGF21 on atherosclerosis-related molecular pathways. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 30 weeks followed by an atherogenic diet for 10 weeks and were divided into four groups: control (saline), liraglutide (0.3 mg/kg/day), FGF21 (5 mg/kg/day), and low-dose combination treatment with liraglutide (0.1 mg/kg/day) and FGF21 (2.5 mg/kg/day) (n=6/group) for 6 weeks. The effects of each treatment on various atherogenesisrelated pathways were assessed. Results: Liraglutide, FGF21, and their low-dose combination significantly reduced atheromatous plaque in aorta, decreased weight, glucose, and leptin levels, and increased adiponectin levels. The combination treatment upregulated the hepatic uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and Akt1 mRNAs compared with controls. Matric mentalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were downregulated and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) were upregulated in liver of the liraglutide-alone and combination-treatment groups. The combination therapy also significantly decreased the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Caspase-3 was increased, whereas MMP-9, ICAM-1, p-Akt, and p-ERK1/2 were downregulated in the liraglutide-alone and combination-treatment groups. Conclusion Administration of a low-dose GLP-1 analogue and FGF21 combination exerts beneficial effects on critical pathways related to atherosclerosis, suggesting the synergism of the two compounds.

Although genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder, cases of genetic CJD with E200K mutation are being increasingly reported in Korea. However, the clinical features and course of genetic CJD with E200K mutation in Korea remain unclear. We describe the clinical features and course of genetic CJD with E200K mutation in a patient who initially presented with rapid progressive memory impairment and myoclonus.

Although genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder, cases of genetic CJD with E200K mutation are being increasingly reported in Korea. However, the clinical features and course of genetic CJD with E200K mutation in Korea remain unclear. We describe the clinical features and course of genetic CJD with E200K mutation in a patient who initially presented with rapid progressive memory impairment and myoclonus.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop models for predicting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) based on easily obtainable clinical information of patients using various machine learning techniques. Methods: We used a data set that included the records of 1,368 patients, in which 1,074 patients were male (78.5 %), and 294 patients were female (21.5 %). We randomly divided the data into a training set (1,000) and test set (368). Five machine learning methods, i.e., support vector machine model, lasso logit model, naïve bayes, discriminant analysis, and K-nearest neighbor (KNN), with a 10-cross fold technique were used with the proposed model to predict OSA. We evaluated the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision of each model for three thresholds [Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI)≥5, AHI≥15, and AHI≥30]. Results: Among the machine learning techniques, KNN showed the best results compared to the other techniques. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision of OSA prediction were 87.0%, 91.0%, 74.4%, and 91.9%, respectively, based on AHI≥5. When the threshold of OSA was AHI≥15 or AHI≥30, KNN provided lower accuracy (79.6% each) and precision (79.0% and 68.7%), which were still higher than those of the other techniques. Conclusions The model derived from the KNN technique exhibited the best performance based on its highest level of accuracy. We demonstrate that this model is a useful tool for predicting OSA.