Introduction: The National Library of Mongolia was established in 1921 based largely on the 8th Khalkha Jebtsundamba Library. In studying the tradition of collecting and preserving books in Mongolia, the subject can be divided into three categories:
1. Family collection
2. Palace/ Royal collections
3. Monastery collections.
From the collection mentioned above, we selected a work belonging to the royal collections, specifically one transferred from the VIII Khalkha Jebtsundamba’s Library to the National Library. This book, “The drug actions that are useful for any kind of ulcer, swelling, and injuries,” is a rare and valuable item of medical cultural heritage, existing in a single known copy. Therefore, this work was selected for incorporation into the research cycle.
To identify the formulas, forms of medicines, methods of use, actions, and to abstain from diet methods in the book “The drug actions that are useful for any kind of ulcer, swelling, and injuries.” Methods: We employed methods such as the study of original texts and sources, analytic- synthetic method. Conclusion The book includes methods for using 27 various medicines to treat 26 types of diseases related to the lesions. Some medicines can be used externally in addition to oral administration, and 90% of all medicines are in the form of powders and granules for external application.

Introduction: The text “Secret Medicine Recipes of Important Matters” represents a unique heritage that embodies the theories and concepts of traditional Mongolian medicine, particularly as a documentary source of medicinal composition. Through this work, it is important to examine the terminology, theoretical and methodological concepts, and characteristics of medical works written in Mongolian script within the field of traditional Mongolian medicine.
To conduct a study of the final words of the second volume of the “Secret Medicine Recipes for Important Matters” and to compare and analyze the original text, including some outdated terms and content. Methods: The second volume of the book “Secret Medicine Recipes for Important Matters” is a Mongolian manuscript. The book measures 22.7x22.3 cm and contains 111 pages. It is covered with yellow silk featuring a floral pattern and is bound with four holes using twisted brownish-yellow thread. The text is written on coarse paper with red lines. Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and translated methods were used in the study. Conclusion The second volume of the “Secret Medicine Recipes for Important Matters” contains a description of the nasal immunization method of the white ash medicine used for disease prevention. The method involves administering the substance through the nose to regulate sputum, and from a modern perspective, it can be interpreted as a live vaccination. The most optimal version of this method was created by Tsakhar Geshe Luvsanchultem and written in his work, and later used as an injection for the three Gobi Gurvan Saikhan’s Sharav maaramba.

Introduction: A study sample of 78 manuscripts was selected from the 1,223 transferred from the 8^th Khalkha Jebtsundamba’s Library to the National Library of Mongolia. This sample consists of single, representative volumes from unique, multi-volume texts. Of the 78 manuscripts analyzed by Tungalag Batmunkh, eight (approx. 10%) are categorized as medical treatises. However, a systematic study conducted by Academician Bold Sharav identified a total of nine distinct volumes, thereby establishing a precise corpus of the works. One of these is the book “The book summarizes a number of conventional formulas from Tong Ren Tang Pharmaceutical Company”, which is one of the sources that has not yet been researched. This study was undertaken to determine the origin of the book, terminology, number, and category of medicines, and to clarify the drug action of some formulas.
To determine the origin, terminology, number, and classification of the ancient medical book “The book summarizes a number of conventional formulas from Tong Ren Tang Pharmaceutical Company,” and to clarify the characteristics of the medicines included in the chapter “Drugs for stroke diseases.” Methods: We employed methods such as the study of original texts and sources, and the checklist method. Conclusion The medications used in this book for stroke have the following benefits: thrombolytic, bone strengthening, tendon pain relief, support free breathing, relieve fever, antiplatelet, cure wind, regeneration bone marrow, improve testicle semen, and provide physical radiance, strength, and virility.

Background: Helicobacter pylori is a highly prevalent pathogen infecting more than half of the global population, with considerable geographic variation in its genetic characteristics and antibiotic resistance patterns. The EPIYA motifs of the CagA protein play a critical role in bacterial virulence; however, data on the association between CagA genotypes and antibiotic resistance remain limited in Mongolia. Aim: To determine the antibiotic resistance, CagA EPIYA patterns, and clarithromycin resistance-associated mutations of H. pylori strains in Mongolia, and to evaluate the agreement between phenotypic and molecular diagnostic methods. Materials and Methods: Gastric biopsy specimens were collected from 210 patients undergoing endoscopy and cultured for H. pylori. Antibiotic susceptibility to metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, and tetracycline was determined using the E-Test method according to EUCAST guidelines. CagA EPIYA patterns were analyzed, and clarithromycin resistance-associated mutations (A2142C, A2142G, A2143G) were detected using real-time PCR. Result: H. pylori was successfully cultured in 86 of 210 samples (41%), and 61 isolates were included in the final analysis. CagA-positive strains accounted for 86.9%, with a predominance of Western-type CagA (52/53), while only one East Asian-type strain was identified. Among Western-type strains, the ABC (58.5%) and ABCC (37.7%) patterns were most common. The highest resistance rate was observed for metronidazole (70.5%), followed by levofloxacin (50.9%). Clarithromycin and amoxicillin resistance were both 19.7%, whereas no resistance to tetracycline was detected. Multidrug resistance (≥2 antibiotics) was observed in 45.9% of isolates, and 14.8% showed resistance to ≥3 antibiotics. Clarithromycin resistance-associated mutations were detected in 21.3% of isolates, predominantly A2143G. The agreement between E-test and real-time PCR methods was excellent (κ=0.95, p<0.001). Conclusion H. pylori strains in Mongolia are characterized by a predominance of Western-type CagA, with ABC and ABCC as the most common subtypes. Notably, the AAABC and AAAAB subtypes were identified for the first time. High levels of antibiotic resistance, particularly to metronidazole and levofloxacin, as well as a substantial prevalence of multidrug resistance, highlight the need for region-specific treatment strategies. In Mongolia, H. pylori demonstrated the highest resistance to metronidazole, accompanied by a high proportion of multidrug-resistant isolates.

Introduction: This time, we will clarify the terms used to express the traditional medical knowledge of Turks, Arabs, Persians, Khotons, or Uyghurs that have not been deeply explored by researchers in the book “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink.” In addition, we propose to lay the foundation for studying the level of ancient medical relations between the ancient Mongols and Islamic countries and to create a new direction of research. Therefore, it is important to conduct a detailed study based on the sample of words related to food, drink, and herbal medicine of Islamic countries such as Turks, Arabs, Persians, and Uyghurs in the book “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” besides from Chinese medicine. The aim of the research: To explain the names of food and drink of Turkic, Arabic, and Khoton (Uyghur) origin in the “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” of 1330 AD. Research results Paul D. Buell and Eugene N. Anderson (2010), who translated the book “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” into English titled “A Soup for the Qan” with an explanation, have extensively and seriously considered how the book relates to the Islamic world. These researchers also say that “the diet, medicinal plants, and grains of the Islamic world reflect a common Middle Eastern (Iranian-Arab) culture rather than the specifics of the Turkic peoples. However, since Turkic elements are dominant in other parts of Islamic culture, there is no doubt that the Turkic forms of some Arabic and Iranian words are often found in “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink.” Therefore, we have selected some words from Paul D. Buell and Eugene N. Anderson’s book “A Soup for the Qan” and considered them to be Turkic, Persian, and Arabic words. In fact, there are 36 Turkic origin words, 4 Persian origin words, and 5 Arabic origin words. However, if we look closely, we find that there are quite a few Mongolized Turkic words and Turkized Mongolian words. Conclusion: In the book “A Soup for the Qan” translated from Chinese with commentary into English by Paul D. Buell and Eugene N. Anderson, words of Turkic, Persian, and Arabic origin, namely 36 Turkic words, 4 Persian words, and 5 Arabic words, were selected and noted. Our research revealed that 11 of these 45 chosen words were Mongolian or Mongolian words of Turkic origin after thorough analysis. This result is in line with Bold Sharav’s 2022 book, which explained and noted that there were 23 Mongolian words in “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink,” and it became clear that there were a total of 34 Mongolian or Mongolian words of Turkic origin words.

Introduction: Among the ancient medical books, manuscripts written in clear script, with unique vocabulary and treatment methods, have been found. The vocabulary in this work is very ancient, and the treatment methods are systematic, with few mentions of theoretical concepts. Most of the unfamiliar words were written in the pronunciation of the ancient Oirat Torghut and Dorbet. Some of these words were of Uyghur and Sartuul (Khui Khui) origin. Therefore, we worked to determine when and by whom this book was written, what its content was, and which direction of medicine it belongs to. Objectives: To study an ancient book written in clear script, containing Islamic medical knowledge, found in Mongolia. Results “The Healing Charm of Blue Ram” (Khökh khutsyn uvdis orshivai) records that Genghis Khan ordered Chagatai Khan to send him medical books from his land. He may have been in poor health shortly after the founding of the Chagatai state in 1225. Thus, he ordered Chagatai to send him books containing medical methods. It is reasonable to assume that the books were sent in 1226. At that time, the Chagatai state was highly developed, consisting of many ethnic groups, including Khorezm, Sartuul, and Uyghurs, who practiced Islam. In particular, the medical field was well advanced, resulting in many excellent doctors and medical books. We tried to list and explain a total of 15 words from “The Healing Charm of Blue Ram,” with many more to explore in the future. In general, it is hypothesized that many vocabulary related to medicine have spread to the Mongolian vocabulary through Arabic, Turkic, Uyghur, and Sartuul among the Western Mongolians. Conclusion: The ancient book “The Healing Charm of Blue Ram” found in Mongolia, written in clear Mongolian script, contains Islamic medical knowledge, as well as traditional Mongolian medicine methods, as is clear from the explanations of some vocabulary related to medicine. In the future, it is important to further clarify how Mongolian medicine and Islamic medical knowledge influenced each other and the contribution of Mongol khans to the development of the Ilkhanate and the Chagatai state in the study of the history of Mongolian medicine.

No foreign scholar has written about the existence of “Complete Record of the Body by Imperial Order” or “Manchu Anatomy” which was retained in Mongolia, but many scholars abroad have written articles on the original book of the “Manchu Anatomy” and its history, structure, and translation. That is why, we decided to clarify the Mongolian version of “Manchu anatomy” and the history of how it was preserved in Mongolia. It has not yet been determined when and by whom the two volumes and six parts books in Mongolia were translated. From a historical point of view, the “Complete Record of the Body by Imperial Order” book was a textbook on the structure of the human body and the research work of doctors in ancient Mongolian medical schools. Therefore, it is still of interest to researchers, both then and now. Moreover, it proves that the development and use of the combination of Western medicine and traditional Mongolian medicine dates back to the 18th century. Unfortunately, the study of this book translated into Mongolian started very late and only a few research papers were published. Comparing the two Manchu scriptures with the Mongolian version, the first variant is similar to the Mongolian translation in Mongolia. The general content of the second variant, written in Manchu, is similar, but the order of the chapters is different. In Inner Mongolia, a book entitled “Ge ti chiuvan lu bichig” was translated from Manchu into Mongolian and published in 1929. This book differs from the Mongolian version of “Complete Record of the Body by Imperial Order” and it contains only the first and second parts of volume 2, not the first, second, third, and fourth parts of volume 1. Finally, this work is free from the religious traditions and taboos of Mongolian lama doctors is found to be an important documentary source that used the achievements of European medicine.

Zava Damdin Lama, a member of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, wrote in the “Golden Book- History of the Spread of Buddhism in Great Mongolia”, the main source of Mongolian history, which stated that, in the summer of 1693, Enkh-Amgalan Khan contracted a mysterious disease and became ill. Undur Gegeen Zanabazar was invited to perform a series of powerful chanting and treatments to alleviate the disease, including a treating mantra called “Dolma Yul Dog” by Tara to pacify the spirits of the land. This Chanting, a complex meditation ritual of Buddhist secret tantra to alleviate pain and suffering, is recited as a solution to the spread of typhoid, human and animal diseases, droughts, dzuds, and natural disasters that is caused by a clash of the eight demon provinces of the earth, water, and the sky. The main textbook of traditional medicine, the “Secret Quintessential Instructions on the Eight Branches of the Ambrosia Essence Tantra”, states in the “The Subsequent Tantra- The Entrustment of the Four Tantras”: “101 diseases out of 404 can be cured without medication. 101 diseases can be cured by medicine. 101 diseases can be cured by Chanting. 101 diseases cannot be cured as a consequence of karma”. The treatment stated before was performed as a remedy for the 101 diseases that can be cured by Chanting.

Background: “Dergici toktobuha ge ti ciowan lu bithe” in Manchu language and “Дээрээс тогтоосон дүрс тус бүрийг бүртгэсэн бичиг” in Mongolian, the “Manchu Anatomy” which has an influence on the development of body structure of Mongolian medicine is a unique and rare medical work. The Mongolian version is one of the 108 documentary heritages of the country. Academician Rinchen. B wrote a foreword to the book and published 500 copies through taking photographs in the XVII volume of the series “Corpus scriptorum Mongolorum” or “Corpus of Mongolian script” in 1971, which is now unavailable. The research work was selected to clarify the terms derived from the Latin language, as it is challenging to recognize that the terms are directly transliterated from languages such as Manchu, Tibetan, Chinese, Latin, and Sanskrit into Uygurjin Mongolian script. Research goal: Clarifying the term derived from the Latin language in “Complete Record of the Body by Imperial Order”. Research methods : The hermeneutic method is used to study the origin of the term, hidden meaning, double meaning, and context. A list of Latin-derived terms in the text was sorted and used to form defined sections using a checklist method. Conclusion “Complete Record of the Body by Imperial Order” is a documentary source that exhibits Mongolian physicians and maarambas used European medical discoveries expeditiously. Furthermore, it was found that there are places, plants, medicinal raw materials, and names of scientists from the Latin language.

Background: The intestinal microbiota of Mongolians and its composition is of great interest of researchers, a few studies have did in this fields. Maybe Mongolian encompass a uniquely wide range of environmental conditions, ethno geographical cohorts and traditional nomadic lifestyles. Goal: We aimed to determine the amount of gut microbiota, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the fecal samples of relative healthy Mongolian adults residing in various regions of Mongolia by conventional culture method and PCR. Material and Methods: The study was performed population based cross sectional study in healthy volunteers. In this study, 256 relative healthy Mongolian adults with no history of gastrointestinal associated diseases were enrolled between July 2018 and April 2019. Each participants was asked to complete a questionnaire containing 164 questions about demographics, physical activity, dietary habits. Fecal samples were collected for Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium analysis using culture method and determination of genus of Bifidobacterium sрp and Lactobacillus spp by PCR. ResultsParticipants had a mean age of 38.9±12.8 years. The mean values of Lactobacillus by culture method were 5.9±1.28 and 6.24±0.94 log10 CFU/ml (4.67х106 , 4.66х106 CFU/ml), respectively. The abundance of Lactobacillus had a positive correlation with grams for fiber and amount of bifidobacterium ((r= 0.495, р<0.001, r=0.288, p<0.05), respectively). Significant difference were observed between groups of milk frequency per day for amounts of lactobacillus. In adult intestinal tracts, B.Bifidum was the most common taxon 31 (29%) followed by B. angulatum 14 (13.1%), B. adolescentis 10 (9.3%), B. catenulatum group 10 (9.3%), B. longum 9 (8.4%). B. lactis, B. breve, B. dentium and B. gallicum were subdominant species. Conclusion: The mean amount of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus of all participants were 6.24±0.94 and 5.9±1.28 log10 CFU/ml (4.66*106 , 4.67*106 CFU/ml) respectively. The Lactobacillus abundance of healthy adults was higher in region of Khangai, East and West of Mongolian than other regions. The composition of lactobacillus altered with ageing. Significant correlations were found between fiber, fats, potato and amount of Lactobacillus. Keywords: Bifidobacterium, Colony forming unit, Gut microbiota, Lactobacillus