Introduction: The National Library of Mongolia was established in 1921 based largely on the 8th Khalkha Jebtsundamba Library. In studying the tradition of collecting and preserving books in Mongolia, the subject can be divided into three categories:
1. Family collection
2. Palace/ Royal collections
3. Monastery collections.
From the collection mentioned above, we selected a work belonging to the royal collections, specifically one transferred from the VIII Khalkha Jebtsundamba’s Library to the National Library. This book, “The drug actions that are useful for any kind of ulcer, swelling, and injuries,” is a rare and valuable item of medical cultural heritage, existing in a single known copy. Therefore, this work was selected for incorporation into the research cycle.
To identify the formulas, forms of medicines, methods of use, actions, and to abstain from diet methods in the book “The drug actions that are useful for any kind of ulcer, swelling, and injuries.” Methods: We employed methods such as the study of original texts and sources, analytic- synthetic method. Conclusion The book includes methods for using 27 various medicines to treat 26 types of diseases related to the lesions. Some medicines can be used externally in addition to oral administration, and 90% of all medicines are in the form of powders and granules for external application.

Introduction: The text “Secret Medicine Recipes of Important Matters” represents a unique heritage that embodies the theories and concepts of traditional Mongolian medicine, particularly as a documentary source of medicinal composition. Through this work, it is important to examine the terminology, theoretical and methodological concepts, and characteristics of medical works written in Mongolian script within the field of traditional Mongolian medicine.
To conduct a study of the final words of the second volume of the “Secret Medicine Recipes for Important Matters” and to compare and analyze the original text, including some outdated terms and content. Methods: The second volume of the book “Secret Medicine Recipes for Important Matters” is a Mongolian manuscript. The book measures 22.7x22.3 cm and contains 111 pages. It is covered with yellow silk featuring a floral pattern and is bound with four holes using twisted brownish-yellow thread. The text is written on coarse paper with red lines. Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and translated methods were used in the study. Conclusion The second volume of the “Secret Medicine Recipes for Important Matters” contains a description of the nasal immunization method of the white ash medicine used for disease prevention. The method involves administering the substance through the nose to regulate sputum, and from a modern perspective, it can be interpreted as a live vaccination. The most optimal version of this method was created by Tsakhar Geshe Luvsanchultem and written in his work, and later used as an injection for the three Gobi Gurvan Saikhan’s Sharav maaramba.

Introduction: A study sample of 78 manuscripts was selected from the 1,223 transferred from the 8^th Khalkha Jebtsundamba’s Library to the National Library of Mongolia. This sample consists of single, representative volumes from unique, multi-volume texts. Of the 78 manuscripts analyzed by Tungalag Batmunkh, eight (approx. 10%) are categorized as medical treatises. However, a systematic study conducted by Academician Bold Sharav identified a total of nine distinct volumes, thereby establishing a precise corpus of the works. One of these is the book “The book summarizes a number of conventional formulas from Tong Ren Tang Pharmaceutical Company”, which is one of the sources that has not yet been researched. This study was undertaken to determine the origin of the book, terminology, number, and category of medicines, and to clarify the drug action of some formulas.
To determine the origin, terminology, number, and classification of the ancient medical book “The book summarizes a number of conventional formulas from Tong Ren Tang Pharmaceutical Company,” and to clarify the characteristics of the medicines included in the chapter “Drugs for stroke diseases.” Methods: We employed methods such as the study of original texts and sources, and the checklist method. Conclusion The medications used in this book for stroke have the following benefits: thrombolytic, bone strengthening, tendon pain relief, support free breathing, relieve fever, antiplatelet, cure wind, regeneration bone marrow, improve testicle semen, and provide physical radiance, strength, and virility.

Introduction: This time, we will clarify the terms used to express the traditional medical knowledge of Turks, Arabs, Persians, Khotons, or Uyghurs that have not been deeply explored by researchers in the book “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink.” In addition, we propose to lay the foundation for studying the level of ancient medical relations between the ancient Mongols and Islamic countries and to create a new direction of research. Therefore, it is important to conduct a detailed study based on the sample of words related to food, drink, and herbal medicine of Islamic countries such as Turks, Arabs, Persians, and Uyghurs in the book “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” besides from Chinese medicine. The aim of the research: To explain the names of food and drink of Turkic, Arabic, and Khoton (Uyghur) origin in the “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” of 1330 AD. Research results Paul D. Buell and Eugene N. Anderson (2010), who translated the book “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” into English titled “A Soup for the Qan” with an explanation, have extensively and seriously considered how the book relates to the Islamic world. These researchers also say that “the diet, medicinal plants, and grains of the Islamic world reflect a common Middle Eastern (Iranian-Arab) culture rather than the specifics of the Turkic peoples. However, since Turkic elements are dominant in other parts of Islamic culture, there is no doubt that the Turkic forms of some Arabic and Iranian words are often found in “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink.” Therefore, we have selected some words from Paul D. Buell and Eugene N. Anderson’s book “A Soup for the Qan” and considered them to be Turkic, Persian, and Arabic words. In fact, there are 36 Turkic origin words, 4 Persian origin words, and 5 Arabic origin words. However, if we look closely, we find that there are quite a few Mongolized Turkic words and Turkized Mongolian words. Conclusion: In the book “A Soup for the Qan” translated from Chinese with commentary into English by Paul D. Buell and Eugene N. Anderson, words of Turkic, Persian, and Arabic origin, namely 36 Turkic words, 4 Persian words, and 5 Arabic words, were selected and noted. Our research revealed that 11 of these 45 chosen words were Mongolian or Mongolian words of Turkic origin after thorough analysis. This result is in line with Bold Sharav’s 2022 book, which explained and noted that there were 23 Mongolian words in “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink,” and it became clear that there were a total of 34 Mongolian or Mongolian words of Turkic origin words.

Introduction: Among the ancient medical books, manuscripts written in clear script, with unique vocabulary and treatment methods, have been found. The vocabulary in this work is very ancient, and the treatment methods are systematic, with few mentions of theoretical concepts. Most of the unfamiliar words were written in the pronunciation of the ancient Oirat Torghut and Dorbet. Some of these words were of Uyghur and Sartuul (Khui Khui) origin. Therefore, we worked to determine when and by whom this book was written, what its content was, and which direction of medicine it belongs to. Objectives: To study an ancient book written in clear script, containing Islamic medical knowledge, found in Mongolia. Results “The Healing Charm of Blue Ram” (Khökh khutsyn uvdis orshivai) records that Genghis Khan ordered Chagatai Khan to send him medical books from his land. He may have been in poor health shortly after the founding of the Chagatai state in 1225. Thus, he ordered Chagatai to send him books containing medical methods. It is reasonable to assume that the books were sent in 1226. At that time, the Chagatai state was highly developed, consisting of many ethnic groups, including Khorezm, Sartuul, and Uyghurs, who practiced Islam. In particular, the medical field was well advanced, resulting in many excellent doctors and medical books. We tried to list and explain a total of 15 words from “The Healing Charm of Blue Ram,” with many more to explore in the future. In general, it is hypothesized that many vocabulary related to medicine have spread to the Mongolian vocabulary through Arabic, Turkic, Uyghur, and Sartuul among the Western Mongolians. Conclusion: The ancient book “The Healing Charm of Blue Ram” found in Mongolia, written in clear Mongolian script, contains Islamic medical knowledge, as well as traditional Mongolian medicine methods, as is clear from the explanations of some vocabulary related to medicine. In the future, it is important to further clarify how Mongolian medicine and Islamic medical knowledge influenced each other and the contribution of Mongol khans to the development of the Ilkhanate and the Chagatai state in the study of the history of Mongolian medicine.

Background: Research on lactic acid bacteria has confirmed how specific strains possess probiotic properties and impart unique sensory characteristics to food products. The use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in many food products, thus confers various health benefits to humans when they are frequently consumed in adequate amounts. Aim: To determine the effect of lactic acid bacteria on the growth of tomatoes. Materials and Methods: The lactic acid bacteria were cultured using the Lactobacillus medium from whipping cream and Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) and identified using the MALDI-TOF MS automated microbial identification analyzer. A solution was prepared using Lactobacillus delbrueckii isolated from whipping cream and Lactobacillus gasseri isolated from Dandelion (10^7CFU/ml), and sterilized tomato seeds were watered for 10 days with the solution, while sterilized distilled water was used as a control. The germination rate of the seeds and the root length were measured and recorded every day. Results: The solution of L.delbrueckii bacteria isolated from cream germinated 100% of the seeds, which is 4% higher than the control seeds, while the solution of L.gasseri bacteria isolated from Dandelion germinated 100%, supporting 4% higher than the control seeds. Seedlings irrigated with the L.delbrueckii bacterial solution exhibited an average length of 10.3cm, which was 1.3cm longer than the control (P=0.003), indicating a statistically significant difference. Similarly, those treated with the L.gasseri solution had an average length of 11.5cm, 2.5cm longer than the control (P=0.005), also demonstrating statistical significance. Conclusion The application of the lactic acid bacterial solution significantly enhanced both the germination of tomato seeds and the growth of the plants compared to the control solution.

Background: Thrombocytopenia is more commonly observed in neonates compared to other age groups, occurring in 1-5% of healthy newborns. However, the incidence of thrombocytopenia is significantly higher (22%-35%) in sick neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and numerous researchers have noted that severe thrombocytopenia contributes to neonatal mortality. However, the incidence of thrombocytopenia and mortality risk among patients in the NICU in our country has not yet been studied, which provided the rationale for our research. Aim: To investigate and determine the incidence of thrombocytopenia and the risk of mortality in neonates treated in the intensive care unit. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from the medical histories of infants hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the National Center for Maternal and Child Health in 2017-2019, and statistical processing was performed using the STATA 16 program. Results: Of all infants in our study, 56.53% (658) were boys and 43.47% (506) were girls. According to the gestational age of newborns, 34.19% (398) were full-term (>37 weeks), 61% (710) were preterm (28-36 weeks), and 4.81% (56) were extremely preterm (<28 weeks). According to birth weight, 33.65% (386) had low birth weight (2500g-1500g), 20.05% (230) had very low birth weight (1500g-1000g), and 8.81% (101) had extremely low birth weight (<1000g). Among the surveyed newborns, 534 (45.88%) had thrombocytopenia, and the number was 51.55% (200/388) in 2017, 46.15% (162/351) in 2018, and 40.47% (172/425) in 2019. The mean platelet count of newborns with thrombocytopenia was 50.21±43.23. Early (age <72 hours) 23.41% (125), late (age ≥72 hours) 76.59% (409), light platelet count (100-150x109/l) 17.42% (93), medium (50) -99x109/l) was 25.28% (135) and severe (<50x109/l) was 57.3% (306). The duration of thrombocytopenia in these infants was 13.68±10.33 days, and 72.65% (388) of them had thrombocytopenia, 27.15% (145) died without thrombocytopenia, and 0.18% (1) had autoimmune thrombocytopenia was under medical supervision and was discharged from the hospital. A total of 20.5% (239) of the neonates included in the study died, and among them, 76.15% (182) had thrombocytopenia, which showed a statistically significant difference when compared between the deceased and surviving groups (p<0.001). To determine whether neonatal thrombocytopenia is a risk factor for mortality, a univariate logistic regression analysis was performed, showing that thrombocytopenia increases the risk of mortality with an OR of 5.19 (p<0.001, 95% CI: 3.75-7.19). A multivariate logistic regression analysis further confirmed this association, with an OR of 2.46 (p<0.001, 95% CI: 1.65-3.68), indicating that neonatal thrombocytopenia significantly increases the risk of mortality. Conclusion Thrombocytopenia is commonly observed in neonates treated in the neonatal intensive care unit. Neonatal thrombocytopenia increases the risk of neonatal mortality.

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of safety regulations governing traditional Mongolian horse racing on the frequency and severity of injuries among child jockeys. Regulations introduced in 2019 mandate the wearing of helmets and protective clothing, prohibit the participation of jockeys aged <7 years, and ban horse racing during the cold season (November–April). National injury surveillance data were used to compare the profile of injuries that occurred among children aged <15 years in the 4-year periods before and after the introduction of the regulations (2015–2018 and 2019–2022) and to investigate whether injuries continued to occur among underage children and during the banned season. The proportion of head injuries among injured children was calculated before and after the regulations were introduced. During the study periods, 6309 animal-riding injuries were recorded among children aged 3–14 years; 2539 occurred before the regulations were introduced and 3770 occurred after. Following the introduction of the regulations, the proportion of injured children aged <7 years decreased slightly. However, during 2019–2022, 294 animal-riding injuries were observed among underage children and 855 during the banned season. The proportion of head injuries among children with animal-riding injuries remained unchanged before and after the regulations were implemented (33.7% and 34.6%, respectively). The regulations have been ineffective. To reduce the burden of injuries among child jockeys, safety regulations need to be enforced throughout the year, and more stringent penalties for noncompliance should be imposed.

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal disorder and a leading cause of intellectual and physical developmental delay in children. In Mongolia, there is no current national guideline recommending the use of the quadruple biomarker test for prenatal screening of DS. Instead, triple marker testing during the second trimester remains standard practice. However, the quadruple test offers higher specificity and sensitivity. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine gestational age specific normative values for the quadruple markers, adjusted for ethnic characteristics. Currently, multiple of the median (MoM) values for Mongolian women are calculated using reference medians derived from Caucasian populations. This study aims to establish population-specific reference values for Mongolian women. Objective: To determine the normative serum levels of second-trimester quadruple biomarkers — alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), free beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and inhibin A (Inh-A) — in Mongolian pregnant women. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving pregnant women between 14 and 21 weeks of gestation. The concentrations of each biomarker were analyzed using multivariable quantile regression models, adjusting for gestational age and maternal weight. Results: MoM values calculated using the Mongolian model differed significantly from those based on the Caucasian model (Wilcoxon signed-rank test; p < 0.001). Specifically, the concentrations and MoM values for AFP and uE3 were significantly lower, while those for β-hCG and Inh-A were notably higher in the Mongolian cohort. Conclusion The serum levels of β-hCG and Inh-A were significantly elevated in Mongolian pregnant women compared to the ethnicity-adjusted Caucasian reference model, highlighting the importance of using population-specific normative data for accurate prenatal screening.

Introduction: Following the COVID-19 lockdown, the introduction of powered mopeds and scooters into urban mobility in Mongolia, without basic traffic regulatory frameworks such as vehicle classification, participation rules, age limits for riders, or parking regulations may have contributed to an increased risk of pedestrian injuries. Objective: To examine temporal trends in pedestrian injuries in Mongolia and to assess the impact of the emergence of micro mobility, while accounting for COVID-19 lockdowns, using an interrupted time-series analysis. Methods: We conducted an interrupted time-series analysis using national data on pedestrian injuries in Mongolia from January 2016 to December 2024. Monthly pedestrian injury rates per 10,000 population were calculated and stratified by age groups, regressing it on the number of months after January 2016 (the beginning of the study), after November 2020 (the lockdowns started), after May 2021 (the lockdown lifted and new mode of urban transportation started to release). Results: During the 9-year study period, there were 41,063 pedestrians, of whom 51.5% were male. The monthly rate of overall pedestrian injury started to decrease after the COVID-19 lockdowns possibly due to reduced traffic activity. However, following the lifting of restrictions, the trend started to increase among the age groups under 10 years (1.8%, 95% CI: 0.8–2.8), 10–19 years (1.6%, 95% CI: 0.3–2.9), 50–59 years (0.6%, 95% CI: 0.1–1.2), and 60–69 years (1.3%, 95% CI: 0.4–2.2). Conclusion The increase in pedestrian injuries suggests that the emergence of micromobility may have contributed to higher injury risk for pedestrians in Mongolia. This highlights the urgent need for change in infrastructure and regulations governing micromobility usage to enhance pedestrian safety.