Abstract Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is a primitive and aggressive soft tissue tumor that arises from premature mesenchymal cells and accounts for less than 1% of prostate malignancies. We present the case of a 26-year-old Filipino male who initially sought consultation and work-up for acute urinary retention. Although his prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was normal, a kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) ultrasound revealed an incidental finding of an enlarged prostate gland. Subsequent imaging tests (MRI and CT) identified a large, partially exophytic mass on the prostate with intravesical extension. The patient underwent a biopsy via transurethral resection at another institution, which yielded findings of a poorly differentiated carcinoma, primarily suggesting prostatic adenocarcinoma with a Gleason score of 10 (5+5). A request for slide review was submitted to our institution, and subsequent immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies—highlighting the tumor's immunoreactivity to myogenin and desmin—confirmed the diagnosis of ERMS. In this report, we discuss the clinical features, pathogenesis, treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis of this rare prostate tumor.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prostate ; Young adult

Introduction: Leydig cells (LCs) are the principal source of testosterone in males, underpinning male reproductive health and androgendependent physiology. Precise isolation of viable human LCs is essential for mechanistic steroidogenesis research and cell-based therapeutic development. Existing protocols rely on density-gradient centrifugation, which is technically demanding and often compromises yield and viability. Here, we describe a simplified density-gradient-free approach using differential adhesion to enrich functional human LCs from testicular tissue. Methodology: Human testicular fragments (~5 mm³) were minced and enzymatically digested with collagenase IV (2 mg/mL) at 37°C for 20 min under gentle agitation (100 RPM). The suspension was filtered (45 µm) and plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated T25 flasks. After 24 hours, non-adherent cells were removed by PBS washing. Viability exceeded 90% by trypan blue exclusion. Cells were maintained in DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS, 1% Antibiotic-Antimycotic, and 10 ng/mL luteinizing hormone (LH) to preserve the mature LC phenotype. Characterization employed immunofluorescence and flow cytometry using antibodies against SF-1, StAR, LHCGR, PDGFRA, and TEM-1. Testosterone secretion was quantified by ELISA under basal conditions and LH-stimulated conditions (10 ng/mL). Results: The protocol yielded ~1.25 × 10⁶ LCs per gram of tissue with >80% purity. Adherent HLCs displayed dense cytoplasmic lipid granules and intercellular networks consistent with active steroidogenesis. Flow cytometry confirmed 84.7% StAR⁺ cells, indicative of a robust steroidogenic population. A distinct progenitor subpopulation (PDGFRα⁺/TEM-1⁺) comprising ~28% of primary cultures, suggests retention of regenerative capacity. Basal testosterone secretion averaged 8.88 ng/mL per 24 hours, confirming preserved functional activity post-isolation. Conclusion This differential-adhesion protocol efficiently isolates functional human LCs without density-gradient media. Multimodal validation integrating immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and ELISA confirms both phenotypic identity and steroidogenic competence, providing a reproducible and accessible platform for LC research and translational applications in male hypogonadism and androgen replacement.
Leydig Cells

OBJECTIVES

To determine the incidence of prostate cancer on follow up after an initial negative MRI- fusion biopsy of the prostate, and to determine the change in PSA and MRI results on follow-up.

METHODS

MRI-fusion prostate biopsy registry from 2018 to 2022 was obtained then histopathology, MRI results, and PSA results were obtained. Repeat PSA and MRI results at extracted at 3 years. PSA mean, range, and change were then determined. MRI results were extracted to determine progression, regression, or persistence.

RESULTS

A total of 670 prostate biopsies were done in the study period, of which 70 were included. PSA on biopsy 9.93 (3.35 – 55.0) with corresponding PIRADS lesions 3, 4, and 5 (n=55, n=19, and n=6). No patient was subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer on follow-up. PSA mean 7.03, 6.44, 5.27, and 6.07 at 3years interval from biopsy. Repeat prostate MRI showed persistence in 1 and regression in 6 patients.

CONCLUSION

After a negative MRI-fusion biopsy of the prostate no patient developed prostate cancer with a general decrease in trend in PSA and MRI on follow-up. These patients may have longer interval follow-up periods given the clinical scenario but would be best to test this method in prospective trials first.

Human ; Prostate Cancer ; Prostatic Neoplasms

INTRODUCTION

Testicular torsion is a true urologic emergency. It occurs when the blood supply to the testis is compromised as the vessels twist along the spermatic cord. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical to prevent prolonged ischemia time which is crucial to its prognosis. This paper aimed to present cases of testicular torsion who underwent testis sparing surgery for torsion.

METHODS

Cases of testicular torsion admitted at the institution from January 2023 to July 2024 were reviewed. Demographic data, scrotal ultrasound findings, intraoperative findings and ischemia time were documented. Patients who underwent tunica albuginea fasciotomy with tunica vaginalis flap were monitored post-surgery via scrotal ultrasound, documenting testicular size.

RESULTS

Twenty seven (27) cases of testicular torsion were reviewed. Of these cases, 4 improved after detorsion and orchidopexy, 12 cases with > 72 hours ischemia time and failed detorsion underwent orchiectomy, 11 cases with < 72 hours of ischemia time, tunica albuginea fasciotomy were performed. Five (5) of these 11 cases showed no improvement in appearance and no bleeding was observed and subsequent orchiectomy was performed. Six cases demonstrated improvement in appearance and bleeding after tunica albuginea fasciotomy, tunica vaginalis flap used to cover the resulting defect. Of these 6 cases, 2 cases showed intact testicular size, 1 case had testicular atrophy on monitoring and 3 cases were lost to follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Testicular torsion remains to be a critical urologic emergency. Prompt diagnosis and immediate surgery required to improve salvage rates. Tunica albuginea incision, with subsequent tunica vaginalis flap may be an option for the urologist to improve salvage, although not consistently prevent testicular atrophy.

Human ; Male ; Testicular Torsion ; Spermatic Cord Torsion

Synovial sarcoma is an extremely rare soft tissue cancer that predominantly affects young adults, typically occurring at the para-articular region of the extremities. Primary synovial sarcoma of the prostate is exceptionally uncommon in clinical practice.

Presented here is a case of a 29-year-old male with prostatic synovial sarcoma. He experienced lower urinary tract symptoms and eventually had urine retention. The imaging findings, treatment plan, and differential diagnosis, were also discussed.

The patient experienced urinary frequency, dysuria, and acute urinary retention, which led to the insertion of a Foley catheter. Subsequent ultrasound scans revealed a large lobulated solid prostate gland. A prostate biopsy confirmed the presence of a malignant spindle cell neoplasm, indicating a prostatic stromal sarcoma. Immunohistomorphologic findings (TLE-1+, STAT6-, S100-, CD34-, ER-, PR-) were consistent with a diagnosis of Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma. The patient underwent six cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy before a Radical Prostatectomy was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged in a significantly improved condition.

Given the rarity of this condition, the authors report a case of prostatic synovial sarcoma and how they managed it. They performed a radical prostatectomy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which had a positive effect. Subsequent postoperative monitoring and imaging showed no further symptoms.

Human ; Male ; Adult: 25-44 Yrs Old ; Prostate Synovial Sarcoma ; Prostate Cancer ; Prostatectomy ; Sarcoma, Synovial ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

The most common cause of mortality after a kidney transplant is a cardiovascular event. This is why most patients with poor cardiovascular status are denied a transplant. A 70-year-old male, ESRD from hypertensive nephropathy, was declined renal transplantation in the United States for advanced age, severe coronary disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm. The patient sought a second chance at a possible transplantation here in the Philippines. After a comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation, he underwent coronary artery bypass graft for a three-vessel disease followed by endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) which he tolerated well. After four weeks, he underwent a living-related kidney transplantation with immediate allograft function. On postoperative day 5, after catheter removal, the patient was unable to void spontaneously. He was diagnosed with benign prostatic obstruction and underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. He tolerated this and voided freely since catheter removal. One year later, the patient has a functioning allograft and stable cardiac status. High risk patients with cardiovascular disease may be given a chance at kidney transplantation after a meticulous evaluation and optimization.

Human ; Male ; Aged: 65-79 Yrs Old ; Evar ; Allografts ; Aneurysm ; Aortic Aneurysm ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal ; Arteries ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Catheters ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Disease ; Coronary Disease ; Endovascular Aneurysm Repair ; Evaluation Studies As Topic ; Kidney ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Mortality ; Patients ; Philippines ; Prostate ; Risk ; Transplantation ; Transplants ; United States

A 53-year-old male with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus who presented with progressive scrotal swelling and straining was found to have a scrotal mass highly suggestive of scrotal abscess on inguinoscrotal ultrasound. Incision and drainage of abscess revealed a mass extending from the bulbous urethra. Subsequent urethrotomy revealed a large stone enclosed in a wide based urethral diverticulum. Urethral diverticulum (UD) is a rare urologic disease entity with a prevalence rate of 0.5 to 5% for both sexes. One complication of UD includes the formation of stone calculi which only occurs in 1% to 10% of all UD cases. UD calculi masqueraded by scrotal abscess has caused diagnostic dilemma as reported cases are often misdiagnosed. Furthermore, the lack of a standard guideline for surgical management of UD in males has led to individualization of the surgical technique done in reported cases. Only 2 other similar cases have been reported in literature worldwide.

Human ; Male ; Middle Aged: 45-64 Yrs Old ; Urethra ; Diverticulum ; Urologic Diseases ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Abscess ; Calculi

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and mechanism of Shuangshi Tonglin Capsules (SSTL) in the treatment of prostate fibrosis (PF). METHODS: Human prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) were used for in vitro experiments to establish PF cell models induced with estradiol (E₂). The cell proliferation, migration and clonogenic capacity were determined by cell counting kit-8, scratch assay, and crystal violet staining, respectively. Sprague-Dawley rats were used for in vivo experiments. The changes in histomorphology and organ index of rat prostate by SSTL were determined. Pathologic changes and collagen deposition changes in rat prostate were observed by haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to determine changes in rat PF markers fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), E₂ and prostate specific antigen (PSA). Mechanistically, changes in oxidative stress indicators by SSTL were determined in WPMY-1 cells and PF rats. Then the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad pathway-related proteins as well as Nrf2 and TGF-β1 mRNA were further detected by Western blot or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: In the efficacy study, SSTL significantly reduced the proliferation, migration, and clonogenic ability of cells, improved the morphology of the glandular tissue, significantly reduced the prostate index, reduced glandular fibrous tissue and collagen deposition, and resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of FGF-23, E₂ and PSA (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In the mechanistic study, SSTL ameliorated oxidative stress by significantly increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels and decreasing malondialdehyde level in WPMY-1 cells and rats (P<0.01 or P<0.05). SSTL significantly elevated the expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), and Smad7 proteins in both cells and rats, and significantly decreased the expressions of TGF-β1, collagen I, α-smooth muscle actin and Smad4 proteins (P<0.01 or P<0.05). SSTL also elevated the content of Nrf2 mRNA and decreased the content of TGF-β1 mRNA in cells and rats (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 was added in in vitro experiments to further validate the pathway relevance. CONCLUSION SSTL was effective in improving PF in vivo and in vitro, and its mechanism of action may function through the Nrf2/TGF-β1 signaling pathway.
Male ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Humans ; Fibrosis ; Prostate/drug effects* ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects* ; Capsules ; Cell Movement/drug effects* ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects* ; Rats

OBJECTIVES: To develop risk prediction models for postoperative hypothermia after transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) using machine learning algorithms. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 403 patients from our center (283 patients in the training set and 120in the internal validation set) and 120 patients from Weifang People's Hospital (as the external validation set). The risk prediction models were built using logistic regression, decision tree and support vector machine (SVM), and model performance was evaluated in terms of accuracy, recall, precision, F1 score and AUC. RESULTS: Operation duration, prostate weight, intraoperative irrigation volume, and being underweight were identified as the predictors of postoperative hypothermia following HoLEP. Among the 3 algorithms, SVM showed the best precision rate and accuracy in all the 3 data sets and the best area under the ROC (AUC) in the training set and validation set, followed by logistic regression, which had a similar AUC in the two data sets. SVM outperformed logistic regression and decision tree models in the validation set in precision, accuracy, recall, F1 score, and AUC, and performed well in the external validation set with better precision rate and accuracy than logistic regression and decision tree models but slightly lower recall rate, F1 index, and AUC value than the decision tree model. SVM outperformed logistic regression and decision tree models in precision, accuracy, F1 score, and AUC in the training set, but had slightly lower recall rate than the decision tree. CONCLUSIONS Among the 3 models, SVM has the best performance and generalizability for predicting post-HoLEP hypothermia risk to provide support for clinical decisions.
Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Machine Learning ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate/adverse effects* ; Hypothermia/etiology* ; Prostatic Hyperplasia/surgery* ; Algorithms ; Lasers, Solid-State ; Risk Assessment ; Postoperative Complications ; Decision Trees ; Logistic Models ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Support Vector Machine

Prostate cancer represents a prevalent malignancy within the male genitourinary system. In recent years, its incidence in China has gradually increased, becoming a significant public health issue. While early detection correlates strongly with improved prognosis, the majority of newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients in China are already in intermediate or advanced stages, precluding curative-intent interventions and contributing to marked survival disparities. The progression of prostate cancer is lengthy, typically encompassing diagnosis, treatment, progression, metastasis, and death, accompanied by a decline in quality of life. Personalized treatment plans should be developed based on the disease stage and patient preferences. In non-metastatic prostate cancer, where the tumor is confined to the prostate, surgery and radiotherapy are the primary treatments, supplemented by neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies to delay metastasis. For metastatic prostate cancer, systemic therapy is prioritized to prolong survival. In metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, controlling androgen levels is crucial, while treatment options for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer are relatively limited, necessitating individualized and precise treatment. During prostate cancer management, prostate-specific antigen levels are closely linked to prognosis and require monitoring. Bone metastasis, the most common site in prostate cancer patients, often triggers skeletal-related events, demanding effective prevention and management. Treatment-related adverse reactions are also a clinical challenge, requiring balanced risk-benefit assessments and judicious drug selection to preserve quality of life. Rapid advancements in screening technologies, surgical innovations, drug development, and China-specific epidemiological factors further complicate decision-making in holistic prostate cancer management. To optimize the standardization of prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment in China, the Genitourinary Oncology Committee of Chinese Anti-cancer Association synthesized global guidelines, clinical evidence and clinical expertise, and addressed critical challenges in the whole-course management of prostate cancer to formulate a multidisciplinary consensus. The expert consensus on whole-course management of prostate cancer (2025 edition) establishes standardized protocols to guide clinical practice, improve treatment outcomes, and enhance patient quality of life.
Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Consensus ; Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood* ; Quality of Life ; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology* ; China ; Bone Neoplasms/secondary* ; Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use*