Diabetic nephropathy （DN） is one of the most common and severe microvascular complications of diabetes， with a complex pathogenesis involving immune inflammatory responses， oxidative stress， apoptosis， glomerulosclerosis， renal interstitial fibrosis， and other pathological processes. In recent years， numerous animal or cell model experiments have revealed that the transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β）/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog （Smad）， phosphoinositide 3-kinase （PI3K）/ protein kinase B （Akt）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， AMP-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， Janus kinase （JAK）/signal transducer and activator of transcription （STAT）， neurogenic locus notch homolog protein （Notch）， nuclear factor E₂-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， secretory glycoprotein （Wnt）/β-catenin， and other classical signaling pathways play important roles in the occurrence and development of DN. Traditional Chinese medicines， as natural drugs， possess characteristics such as multiple components， multiple targets， and few adverse reactions， demonstrating unique advantages in regulating the aforementioned signaling pathways and improving renal pathological changes. This review summarized recent research progress on the intervention of DN through the regulation of the aforementioned signaling pathways by single compounds and formulas of traditional Chinese medicine， focusing on their mechanisms of action in regulating immune inflammatory responses， inhibiting renal fibrosis， oxidative stress， improving metabolic disorders， and other aspects. The aim is to provide theoretical references for a deeper understanding of the modern pharmacological basis and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of DN.

OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the anti-aging effect of β-sitosterol (BS), an important component in the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., in C. elegans and its regulatory effect on ETS-5 gene to modulate ferroptosis. METHODS: C. elegans treated with 10 µg/mL BS were monitored for survival time and changes in body length, motility, and reproductive function. The effect of ETS-5 gene knockdown on survival time of C. elegans was observed, and the changes in fat accumulation and lipid redox homeostasis in the transfected C. elegans were assessed using Oil Red O staining and by detecting MDA levels and the GSH/GSSG ratio. The mRNA expression levels of ferroptosis-related genes (FTN-1, GPX-1 and AAT-9) were detected using qPCR. The effects of BS treatment and ETS-5 knockdown on AAT-9 enzyme activity in C. elegans were examined. The effect of BS on nuclear localization of FEV (the human homolog of ETS-5) was validated in cultured human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS: Both BS treatment and ETS-5 knockdown significantly prolonged the lifespan, promoted lipid accumulation and reduced lipid peroxidation in C. elegans. ETS-5 knockdown resulted in upregulated expressions of the ferroptosis repressors GPX-1, AAT-9 and FTN-1 and increased the GSH/GSSG ratio in C. elegans. CONCLUSIONS BS inhibits ferroptosis in C. elegans by suppressing the expression of ETS-5 transcription factor and hence the activity of AAT-9 enzyme, a key gene for ferroptosis, which in turn prolongs the lifespan of C. elegans.
Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/physiology* ; Ferroptosis/drug effects* ; Alpinia/chemistry* ; Sitosterols/pharmacology* ; Longevity/drug effects* ; Fruit/chemistry* ; Humans

Objective To elucidate the anti-aging effect of β-sitosterol(BS),an important component in the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.,in C.elegans and its regulatory effect on ETS-5 gene to modulate ferroptosis.Methods C.elegans treated with 10 μg/mL BS were monitored for survival time and changes in body length,motility,and reproductive function.The effect of ETS-5 gene knockdown on survival time of C.elegans was observed,and the changes in fat accumulation and lipid redox homeostasis in the transfected C.elegans were assessed using Oil Red O staining and by detecting MDA levels and the GSH/GSSG ratio.The mRNA expression levels of ferroptosis-related genes(FTN-1,GPX-1 and AAT-9)were detected using qPCR.The effects of BS treatment and ETS-5 knockdown on AAT-9 enzyme activity in C.elegans were examined.The effect of BS on nuclear localization of FEV(the human homolog of ETS-5)was validated in cultured human umbilical venous endothelial cells(HUVECs).Results Both BS treatment and ETS-5 knockdown significantly prolonged the lifespan,promoted lipid accumulation and reduced lipid peroxidation in C.elegans.ETS-5 knockdown resulted in upregulated expressions of the ferroptosis repressors GPX-1,AAT-9 and FTN-1 and increased the GSH/GSSG ratio in C.elegans.Conclusion BS inhibits ferroptosis in C.elegans by suppressing the expression of ETS-5 transcription factor and hence the activity of AAT-9 enzyme,a key gene for ferroptosis,which in turn prolongs the lifespan of C.elegans.

Objective To compare the short-term outcomes of single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic(VATS)pulmonary surgery using a chest-wall-muscle-sparing incision versus a standard incision.Methods A total of 215 patients undergoing single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic lung surgery in the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery,The First Hospital of Anhui University of Science&Technology from February 2024 to May 2025 were recruited in this clinical observation.Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into a chest wall muscle sparing incision group and a chest wall standard incision group.Short-term prognoses of the two groups were compared.Results A total of 180 patients was included:80 in the chest wall muscle sparing incision group and 100 in the chest wall standard incision group.The two groups had similar baseline characteristics,includ-ing body-mass index(23.86±3.70 vs.23.45±3.20 kg/m2;P>0.05).All procedures were completed successfully without perioperative mortality,conversion to thoracotomy,or extension of the incision.The standard incision group had 4 latissimus dorsi injuries and 5 patients with shoulder joint dysfunction on the 30th day after discharge,charac-terized by chest wall muscle tightness accompanied by chest pain and limited upper limb mobility(P<0.05).Although skin-to-skin incision time was slightly longer in the muscle-sparing group(P=0.06),pain scores at every assessed time point were significantly lower(P<0.05),and no patient developed shoulder dysfunction.No significant differences were observed in incisional fat-liquefaction rate,incision length,operative time,blood loss,or chest-tube duration(P>0.05).Conclusion The chest wall muscle sparing incision in single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic lung surgery not only preserves the latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior muscles,significantly reduces postoperative incision pain,and minimizes chest wall muscles and shoulder dysfunction,exhibiting clear minimally invasive advantages in single-port VATS lung surgery.

Objective To compare the short-term outcomes of single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic(VATS)pulmonary surgery using a chest-wall-muscle-sparing incision versus a standard incision.Methods A total of 215 patients undergoing single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic lung surgery in the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery,The First Hospital of Anhui University of Science&Technology from February 2024 to May 2025 were recruited in this clinical observation.Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into a chest wall muscle sparing incision group and a chest wall standard incision group.Short-term prognoses of the two groups were compared.Results A total of 180 patients was included:80 in the chest wall muscle sparing incision group and 100 in the chest wall standard incision group.The two groups had similar baseline characteristics,includ-ing body-mass index(23.86±3.70 vs.23.45±3.20 kg/m2;P>0.05).All procedures were completed successfully without perioperative mortality,conversion to thoracotomy,or extension of the incision.The standard incision group had 4 latissimus dorsi injuries and 5 patients with shoulder joint dysfunction on the 30th day after discharge,charac-terized by chest wall muscle tightness accompanied by chest pain and limited upper limb mobility(P<0.05).Although skin-to-skin incision time was slightly longer in the muscle-sparing group(P=0.06),pain scores at every assessed time point were significantly lower(P<0.05),and no patient developed shoulder dysfunction.No significant differences were observed in incisional fat-liquefaction rate,incision length,operative time,blood loss,or chest-tube duration(P>0.05).Conclusion The chest wall muscle sparing incision in single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic lung surgery not only preserves the latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior muscles,significantly reduces postoperative incision pain,and minimizes chest wall muscles and shoulder dysfunction,exhibiting clear minimally invasive advantages in single-port VATS lung surgery.

ObjectiveExploring the role of microRNA126 （miRNA126） in chronic kidney disease combined with atherosclerosis （CKD AS） by regulating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway and the mechanism of Shenshuai Xiezhuo decoction in the intervention of CKD AS rats with 5/6 nephrectomy combined with high-fat feeding. MethodA total of 60 SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group， model group， losartan group， and low， medium， and high dose groups of Shenshuai Xiezhuo decoction. The CKD AS rat model was established by 5/6 nephrectomy combined with high-fat feeding for 10 weeks. The low， medium， and high dose groups （6.0， 12.0， 24.0 g·kg^-1·d^-1） of Shenshuai Xiezhuo decoction and the losartan group （20 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） were gavaged， and the corresponding intervention was carried out for eight weeks. Then， the rats were killed， and samples were collected for corresponding detection. Fully automated biochemical analyzers were used to detect kidney function and blood lipids in rats： blood creatinine （SCr）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） levels. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and Masson staining of aortic tissue and pathological observation under a light microscope were carried out， and autophagosomes and autophagy lysosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to determine the mRNA levels of miRNA126， PI3K， Akt， and mTOR in rats， and Western blot was used to determine the protein expression levels of phosphorylated （p）-PI3K， PI3K， p-Akt， Akt， p -mTOR， mTOR， benzyl chloride 1 （Beclin-1）， and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3Ⅱ/Ⅰ （LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ）. ResultCompared with the sham operation group， the serum SCr， BUN， TC， TG， and LDL-C in the model group were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the SCr， BUN， TC， TG， and LDL-C were decreased in the losartan group and low， medium， and high dose groups of Shenshuai Xiezhuo decoction （P<0.05）. Compared with the sham operation group， thickening plaques， infiltration of mononuclear macrophages， a small number of foam cells， disordered arrangement of smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media， and increased collagen fibers were observed in the model group， and the lesions in the losartan group and Shenshuai Xiezhuo decoction groups were alleviated compared with those in the model group. Compared with the model group， the number of autophagosomes and autophagy lysosomes increased in the medium and high dose groups of Shenshuai Xiezhuo decoction. Compared with the sham operation group， the expression of miRNA126 in the aortic tissue of the model group was significantly decreased （P<0.01）， and the mRNA expressions of PI3K， Akt， and mTOR were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the expression of miRNA126 in the aortic tissue of rats in high， medium， and low dose groups of Shenshuai Xiezhuo decoction and losartan group was significantly increased （P<0.01）， while the mRNA expressions of PI3K， Akt， and mTOR were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the sham operation group， the protein expressions of p-PI3K， PI3K， p-Akt， Akt， p-mTOR， and mTOR in the model group were significantly increased （P<0.01）， while the protein levels of Beclin-1， LC3Ⅰ， and LC3Ⅱ were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the protein expressions of p-PI3K， PI3K， p-Akt， Akt， p-mTOR， and mTOR in the losartan group and low， medium， and high dose groups of Shenshuai Xiezhuo decoction were decreased （P<0.05）， while the protein levels of Beclin-1 and LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ were increased （P<0.05）. ConclusionThe expression of miRNA126 is decreased in the aortic tissue of CKD AS rats， and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is activated to inhibit autophagy flux. Shenshuai Xiezhuo decoction regulates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway through miRNA126， restores the autophagy of aortic endothelial cells， protects the damage of CKD vessels， reduces the formation of As plaques， and slows the development of cardiovascular complications.

Objective To investigate the effects of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction Aqueous Extract(HJDAE)on the gut microbiota structure and colon metabolites of rats using 16S rRNA technology and non targeted metabolomics technology.Methods SD rats were continuously gavaged with HJDAE for 7 days and then Euthanized under anesthesia to extract the colon contents of the rats,,the contents of the rats'colon were taken,and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was performed on the gut microbiota of the rats'colon segments using the Illumina Miseq platform.The differential microbiota,differential metabolites,and related pathways were analyzed in combination with the fecal non targeted metabonomics method.Results The results showed that HJDAE could affect the structure of gut microbiota in rats while maintaining a relatively stable proportion of various phyla of gut microbiota,and had significant promoting and inhibitory effects on multiple bacterial genera.Among them,it had the strongest inhibitory effect on Lactobacillus and Limosilactobacillus,and the most obvious promoting effect on Clostridium.Analyzing the data from two sets of experimental results,76 differential metabolites and 70 potential biomarkers were found.Among them,the top ten differential metabolites and their differences were xylose,acetic acid,propionic acid,and dimethylglycine with reduced production,while the production of palmitoleic acid,proline,and T-α-MCA,T-β-MCA,3-DHCA,HCA increased.The eight strongest metabolic pathways involved are Propanoate Metabolism,Butanoate Metabolism,TCA cycle,Alanine-Aspartate-Glutamate Metabolism,D-Glutamine and D-Glutamate Metabolism,Primary Bile Acid Biosynthesis,Nitrogen Metabolism,Valine-Leucine-Isoleucine Biosythesis,all of which are closely related to bile acid production.Conclusion The HJDAE promotes the production of primary bile acids by promoting the metabolism of sugars,amino acids,and fatty acids in rats.At the same time,the HJDAE causes a large number of Clostridium species to proliferate,and multiple Clostridium species metabolize primary bile acids into secondary bile acids,jointly leading to positive regulation of bile acid metabolism.

Objective To investigate the effects of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction Aqueous Extract(HJDAE)on the gut microbiota structure and colon metabolites of rats using 16S rRNA technology and non targeted metabolomics technology.Methods SD rats were continuously gavaged with HJDAE for 7 days and then Euthanized under anesthesia to extract the colon contents of the rats,,the contents of the rats'colon were taken,and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was performed on the gut microbiota of the rats'colon segments using the Illumina Miseq platform.The differential microbiota,differential metabolites,and related pathways were analyzed in combination with the fecal non targeted metabonomics method.Results The results showed that HJDAE could affect the structure of gut microbiota in rats while maintaining a relatively stable proportion of various phyla of gut microbiota,and had significant promoting and inhibitory effects on multiple bacterial genera.Among them,it had the strongest inhibitory effect on Lactobacillus and Limosilactobacillus,and the most obvious promoting effect on Clostridium.Analyzing the data from two sets of experimental results,76 differential metabolites and 70 potential biomarkers were found.Among them,the top ten differential metabolites and their differences were xylose,acetic acid,propionic acid,and dimethylglycine with reduced production,while the production of palmitoleic acid,proline,and T-α-MCA,T-β-MCA,3-DHCA,HCA increased.The eight strongest metabolic pathways involved are Propanoate Metabolism,Butanoate Metabolism,TCA cycle,Alanine-Aspartate-Glutamate Metabolism,D-Glutamine and D-Glutamate Metabolism,Primary Bile Acid Biosynthesis,Nitrogen Metabolism,Valine-Leucine-Isoleucine Biosythesis,all of which are closely related to bile acid production.Conclusion The HJDAE promotes the production of primary bile acids by promoting the metabolism of sugars,amino acids,and fatty acids in rats.At the same time,the HJDAE causes a large number of Clostridium species to proliferate,and multiple Clostridium species metabolize primary bile acids into secondary bile acids,jointly leading to positive regulation of bile acid metabolism.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Gegen Qinliantang（GQT） on the intestinal flora of antibiotic-associated diarrhea（AAD） by 16S rRNA sequencing and network pharmacology. MethodSixty SD rats were randomly divided into six groups（n=10）， including blank group， model group， GQT high-， medium- and low-dose groups（10.08， 5.04， 2.52 g·kg^-1） as well as Lizhu Changle group（0.15 g·kg^-1）， except for the blank group， each group was given clindamycin（250 mg·kg^-1） by gavage once a day for 7 consecutive days. After successful modeling， the blank group and the model group were given equal volumes of normal saline by gavage. The other groups were given corresponding doses of drugs by gavage for 14 days. Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform（TCMSP） was used to screen the active components and targets of GQT， GeneCards， Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man（OMIM） database， Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base（PharmGKB）， DrugBank and DisGeNET were used to search for AAD disease targets. The drug-disease common targets were obtained by R software. STRING was applied to analyze the target protein-protein interaction， and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis was performed. Then hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the colon， and 16S rRNA sequencing of AAD colon content flora structure further verified the results of network pharmacology. ResultThrough network pharmacology， it was found that 238 active components were screened from GQT and acted on 276 component targets， among which quercetin， puerarin， wogonin and apigenin were the main core components of GQT， 1 097 AAD disease targets and 127 drug-disease intersection targets. The protein-protein interaction network mainly included core targets such as protein kinase B1（Akt1）， interleukin（IL）-6 and IL-1β， which were mainly enriched in the IL-17 signaling pathway. It was verified through animal experiments that compared with the blank group， the colon structure of the model group was seriously abnormal， the intestinal epithelial columnar cells were damaged， the goblet cells were reduced， and a large number of inflammatory cells were infiltrated. Compared with the model group， the colon structure of the GQT high-dose group improved， but there were still abnormalities， the colon structure of GQT medium- and low- dose groups and Lizhu Changle group improved significantly and reached the normal level. GQT could improve the structural diversity of AAD intestinal flora. At the phylum level， the abundance of Firmicutes was increased and the abundance of Bacteroidetes was decreased. At the genus level， the abundance of Lactobacillus was increased， and the abundances of Prevotella and Bacteroides were decreased. Among them， Lactococcus could be used as a biomarker for AAD treatment with GQT， and the prediction of functional metabolism of intestinal flora revealed that GQT could promote acetate and lactate metabolic pathways in the intestine. ConclusionGQT may activate IL-17 signaling pathway by acting on the targets of Akt1 and IL-6 through key components such as quercetin and wogonin， and improve the abundance of Lactococcus in the intestinal tract as well as acetate and lactate metabolic pathways， so as to play a role in repairing the intestinal barrier for the treatment of AAD.

Objective To understand the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of AIDS between male-male in college students, and to provide evidence for the prevention and control strategies. Methods Using cluster random sampling method, the questionnaire survey including basic situation, the perception of HIV/AIDS of male male actors, sexual behavior and condom use and HIV/AIDS counseling detection, was used to investigate in male students of 8 universities at Beijing fangshan distric. Results A total of 2444 male college students were surveyed, 138 cases with male-male behavior were detected, and the detection rate was 5.65％. The detection rate (18.31％) of the junior college students was statistically higher than that of first-year college students (4.28％) and sophomores (6.52％, P<0.017). The awareness rates of four relevant knowledge about HIV/AIDS for 138 students were 25.36％, 15.22％, 9.42％and 13.77％respectively. The 44.93％male-male in college students had first sexual intercourse were younger than 18 years old. The proportion of students with first time male-male behavior and age <18 years was higher in the first-year college students (58.9％) than that of sophomores and junior college students (30.77％, 26.92％). The incidence rate of bisexuality was 43.48％ in male-male behavior, and 73.91％ was polysexual partners. The correct usage rate of condom was 31.16％. AIDS counseling detection rate was 27.54％. Conclusion The detection rate is higher in students with male-male behavior, and the awareness rate of AIDS-related knowledge is lower. A variety of high risk sexual behaviors are prevalent, so it is necessary to strengthen HIV/AIDS education and HIV/AIDS related knowledge for college students.