Objective To gain insights into the biological characteristics of different populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus within and around the Yellow Sea wetland from the perspective of the occurrence of resistance, we investigated the levels of resistance to deltamethrin and kdr gene mutation in the wetland and its peripheral areas. Methods Specimens were collected from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations at two monitoring sites in the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area, and also from two populations in Yancheng City and the Liuhe District of Nanjing, and the resistance of these mosquitoes to deltamethrin was determined using the CDC biotest bottle method. For each concentration of deltamethrin assessed, a random subset of exposed specimens was selected for amplification of the kdr gene fragment, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify and analyze resistance-associated mutations. Results The LC50 levels of deltamethrin among mosquitoes from the four populations in Luhe, Yancheng, the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and the Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area were 2.048 5, 7.798 2, 3.473 3, and 17.695 5 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding concentrations of deltamethrin ranging from 0.005 to 5.000,0.050 to 50.000,0.050 to 25.000 and 0.050 to 50.000 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ranges of the KT50 values were 11.76-107.43, 67.05-216.30,29.77-107.43 and 28.40-329.51 min; the 1-h knockdown rates were 34.58%-99.15%, 9.52%-43.80%, 55.09%-73.01%, and 10.09%-68.07%; and the 24-h mortality rates were 12.15%-67.52%,9.52%-79.56%,13.17%-82.21%, and 11.01%-78.99%, respectively. With respect to kdr gene mutation, we assayed a total of 63,70,59, and 57 mosquitoes for the four populations, for which we detected L1014F mutation frequencies of 14.29%, 35.00%, 20.34%, and 31.58%, respectively, with a majority of these mutations being heterozygous for resistance. In addition, five adult mosquitoes were identified has having synonymous mutations at site 1011[i. e. , AAT(asparagine)mutation to AAC(asparagine)]. Conclusions Our findings revealed the clear resistance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus to deltamethrin in the Yancheng region of the Yellow Sea wetland, and the resistance phenotype and kdr frequency of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment were comparable to those of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment, thereby indicating that the resistance of different populations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was homogeneous under the pressure of different insecticide selection within and around the wetland. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.

AIM To evaluate the chemical constituent consistency in formula granules and traditional decoctions of Gouteng Jiangya Formula.METHODS HPLC characteristic chromatograms were established,the analysis was performed on a 30 ℃ thermostatic YMC-Triart C18 column(4.6 mm× 250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-0.2％phosphoric acid flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 240 nm.Puerarin was used as an internal standard to calculate the relative correction factors of 3'-methoxy puerarin,puerarin apioside,magnolflorine,paeoniflora,daidzin,baicalin,palmatine,berberine,wogonoside and benzoylpaeoniflorin,after which the content detemination was made by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker(QAMS).RESULTS The characteristic chromatograms of 9 batches of formula granules and 15 bacthes of traditional decoctions demonstrated the similarities of more than 0.90 at the detection wavelengths of 192,210,240,260,280,300,320,360 nm,along with similar total peak areas.Eleven constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(r＞0.999 0),whose average recoveries were 97.27％-101.64％with the RSDs of 0.36％-1.11％,the result obtained by QAMS and external standard method demonstrated no significant differences(P＞0.05).The contents of various constituents in the formula granules approximated those in the traditional decoctions.CONCLUSION The consistent kinds and contents of various constituents are obversable in formula granules and traditional decoctions of Gouteng Jiangya Formula,which can provide a reference for the reasonable clinical application of this formula.

Objective To investigate how interference from motor and cognitive tasks affects the postural stability of older adults during stair descent.Methods A total of 52 elderly subjects were recruited.Using the Vicon infrared motion capture system and Kistler force plate,the kinematic and dynamic data were collected simultaneously during stair descent under three conditions:single task(ST),motor task(MT),and cognitive task(CT).The body stability during stair descent was assessed quantitatively using the margin of stability(MoS)algorithm.Repeated measures ANOVA was applied to compare differences across conditions.Results Compared to the ST condition,both step speed(P<0.001)and step frequency(P<0.001)were significantly reduced under MT and CT conditions.Step length(P=0.037)was also significantly reduced under the CT condition compared to those under the ST condition.In the aspect of anterior-posterior dynamic stability,compared to the ST condition,centroid velocity(P<0.001)and extrapolated centroid position(P<0.001)were significantly increased,while MoS(P<0.001)was significantly decreased under both MT and CT conditions.In comparison to the CT condition,centroid displacement(P=0.011)and velocity(P=0.014),as well as extrapolated centroid position(P<0.001),were significantly greater those under the MT condition.In the aspect of medial-lateral dynamic stability,compared to the ST condition,centroid displacement(P<0.001)was significantly reduced under MT and CT conditions.Additionally,the extrapolated centroid position(P=0.001)was significantly reduced,and MoS(P=0.038)was significantly increased under the MT condition compared to those under the ST condition.Conclusions Older adults adjust their gait in response to dual-task interference during stairs descent by'slowing down step speed,reducing step frequency,and shortening step length'.This adjustment helps maintain medial-lateral dynamic stability,but significantly decreases anterior-posterior dynamic stability,thereby increasing the risk of falls.

BACKGROUND:Acute myocardial infarction can cause cardiac remodeling and heart failure,as well as skeletal myopathy,affecting patients'quality of life.Exercise therapy is an important rehabilitation method for patients with heart failure;however,the optimal exercise prescription has not been clarified. OBJECTIVE:To compare the effects of different exercise modes(aerobic exercise,resistance exercise)on skeletal muscle remodeling in rats with acute myocardial infarction induced heart failure and to explore the possible mechanism,so as to provide a basis for optimizing the exercise rehabilitation program. METHODS:Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,myocardial infarction group,aerobic exercise group and resistance exercise group.Coronary artery ligation was used to create model of heart failure.After 3 months,animals in the aerobic exercise group and resistance exercise group underwent 12 weeks of corresponding exercise mode interventions,while those in the sham operation group and myocardial infarction group were kept quietly in mouse cages.After the experiment,maximal running speed and maximal weight-bearing load were measured by graded treadmill exercise test and ladder-climbing test respectively,and heart structure and function were evaluated by echocardiography.The heart was isolated,and hematoxylin-eosin staining and Sirius red staining were performed to detect cardiac remodeling.For the gstrocnemius muscle,ATPase staining was performed to observe changes in muscle fiber type and cell cross-sectional area,dihydroethidium method was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species levels,enzyme-linked immunosorbent method was used to determine malondialdehyde content and antioxidant enzyme activity,western blot was used to determine the expression of ubiquitin-proteasome system proteins,and the number of activated satellite cells(Pax7+/MyoD+)were detected by double immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Exercise performance:Compared with the sham operation group,maximal running speed and maximal weight-bearing load in the myocardial infarction group decreased(P<0.05);compared with the myocardial infarction group,the maximal running speed of the aerobic exercise group and the maximal weight-bearing load of the resistance exercise group increased(P<0.05).(2)Cardiac remodeling:Compared with the sham operation group,infarction area,myocardial cell cross-sectional area,and collagen content in the myocardial infarction group increased(P<0.05),while leftventricular ejection fraction and shortening fraction decreased(P<0.05);compared with the myocardial infarction group,there was no statistical difference in the above parameters in both aerobic exercise resistance exercise groups(P>0.05).(3)Skeletal muscle remodeling:Compared with the sham operation group,gastrocnemius muscle mass,gastrocnemius muscle mass index,cell cross-sectional area,superoxide dismutase activity,glutathione peroxidase activity,and the number of activated satellite cells decreased in myocardial infarction group(P<0.05),while reactive oxygen species content,malondialdehyde content,and the protein expression of ubiquitin,MuRF1 and MAFbx increased(P<0.05);compared with the myocardial infarction group,gastrocnemius muscle mass index,superoxide dismutase activity,the number of activated satellite cells increased in both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise groups(P<0.05),while reactive oxygen species content and the protein expression of ubiquitin,MuRF1,and MAFbx decreased(P<0.05);compared with the aerobic exercise group,gastrocnemius muscle mass,gastrocnemius muscle mass index,cell cross-sectional area,reactive oxygen species content,malondialdehyde content,the number of activated satellite cells increased in resistance exercise group(P<0.05),while superoxide dismutase activity,glutathione peroxidase activity down-regulated(P<0.05).To conclude,aerobic exercise and resistance exercise can both improve exercise performance of rats with heart failure,and the mechanism is related to reducing oxidative stress,inhibiting ubiquitin-proteasome system activity and activating satellite cells to improve skeletal muscle remodeling.Aerobic exercise has a better effect on improving skeletal muscle oxidative stress,while resistance exercise has a more significant effect on promoting skeletal muscle regeneration.

Objective: To explore the causal link of cumulative ecological risk and future orientation with health risk behaviors among higher vocational college students, so as to provide reference for reducing and preventing health risk behaviors among higher vocational college students. Methods: A longitudinal follow up study was conducted on 612 students using convenience sampling from 2 vocational colleges in Hunan Province. The Cumulative Ecological Risk Scale, Future Orientation Scale, and Health Risk Behavior Scale were used during three follow up visits (T1: September 2022, T2: June 2023, T3: March 2024), and a cross lagged panel model was constructed to examine the longitudinal causal relationship of cumulative ecological risk, future orientation and health risk behaviors. Analysis of longitudinal intermediary effect between variables by Bootstrap. Results: The cumulative ecological risk scores of T1, T2 and T3 among higher vocational college students were (2.94±1.44,2.99±1.63,3.02±1.54), future orientation scores (40.49±4.71,41.51±5.72,41.06±4.35) and health risk behavior scores (3.73±2.01,3.49±2.00,3.23±2.00). The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that the future orientation score of T2 was higher than that of T1, and the main effect of measurement time was statistically significant ( F=5.09，P＜0.01,η 2=0.02). The health risk behavior score of T1 was higher than that of T2, and the health risk behavior score of T2 was higher than that of T3, and the main effect of measurement time was statistically significant ( F=10.12，P＜0.01,η 2=0.03).The cross lagged model showed good adaptability, with χ 2/df =7.20 ( P <0.01), relative fitting indicators GFI=0.98, CFI=0.99, TLI=0.96, IFI=0.99, NFI =0.99, and absolute fitting indicator RMSEA =0.06. Among them, the T1, T2 cumulative ecological risk showed negatively predictive effects on T2, T3 future orientation ( β =-0.24, -0.47 ), and T1, T2 cumulative ecological risk positively predicted T2, T3 health risk behavior ( β =0.20, 0.24), while T1, T2 future orientation negatively predicted T2, T3 health risk behavior ( β =-0.25, -0.18) ( P ＜0.01). Bootstrap test analysis found that T2 future orientation had a longitudinal mediating effect ( β=0.04, P ＜0.01) on the T1 cumulative ecological risk and T3 health risk behavior. Conclusions The accumulation of ecological risk among higher vocational college students can positively predict health risk behaviors, while future orientation can negatively predict healthrisk behaviors. Moreover, future orientation plays a longitudinal mediating role between accumulated ecological risks and health risk behaviors.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of selectively omitting ureteral stent placement after ureteroscopic lithotripsy(URL).Methods A total of 118 patients with distal ureteral calculi undergoing URL from 2021 to 2024 were enrolled.Patients were divided into a control group(indwelling ureteral stent for 2 weeks,n=86)and an observation group(no ureteral stent placement,n=32).General data,operation time,hospital stay,and total medical costs were compared between the two groups.Patients were followed 2 weeks postoperatively for assessment of flank pain visual analogue scale(VAS)scores,bladder irritation symptoms,hematuria,and incidence of urinary tract infection.Hydronephrosis was evaluated by ultrasonography 3 months after surgery.Results There was no significant difference in the general information and operation time between the two groups(P>0.05).The length of hospital stay and total treatment cost in the observa-tion group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).Two weeks after surgery,the VAS scores of low back pain on the affected side and occurrence rates of bladder irritation symptoms,hematu-ria,and urinary tract infection in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.01).Three months after operation,no hydronephrosis was observed in both groups.Conclusion It is safe and feasible to avoid indwelling ureteral stent after URL in appropriate cases.

Surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)is an important technique for detecting pesticide residues.However,many pesticides have small Raman scattering cross sections and low affinity for gold/silver enhancement substrates,resulting in low sensitivity for direct SERS detection.Indirect methods typically require complex surface modifications and have poor universality.Here,a dual functional composite Au@MnO2 combined with acetylcholinesterase(AChE)was proposed for SERS biosensing of pesticides.The Au@MnO2 with oxidase-like activity could oxidize 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine(TMB)into oxTMB with a large Raman scattering cross section,producing strong SERS signal using Au@MnO2 itself as enhancement substrate.In the presence of AChE,acetylthiocholine(ATCh)was catalytically hydrolyzed to produce thiocholine(TCh),and its reducibility could induce the decomposition of MnO2.Consequently,oxidase-like activity of Au@MnO2 was declined,less oxTMB was produced,and gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)detached from the MnO2 layer,resulting in a weakened SERS response.Organophosphorus pesticides(OPs),as inhibitors of AChE,prevented the production of TCh,thereby blocking the decomposition of MnO2 and leading to the recovery of Raman signals.Under optimized conditions,the Raman signal switching strategy was successfully used for detection of three OPs,i.e.,fenthion,chlorpyrifos,and methyl parathion,with detection limits of 4×10-11 mol/L,2×10-9 mol/L,and 3×10-9 mol/L,respectively.In actual spinach sample testing,the spiked recoveries of the three OPs ranged from 86.5%to 110.6%.This study provided a new strategy for detecting pesticide residues using SERS.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of Qingda Granule (QDG) in ameliorating hypertension-induced cardiac damage and investigate the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS: Twenty spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were used to develope a hypertension-induced cardiac damage model. Another 10 Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as normotension group. Rats were administrated intragastrically QDG [0.9 g/(kg•d)] or an equivalent volume of pure water for 8 weeks. Blood pressure, histopathological changes, cardiac function, levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers were measured. Furthermore, to gain insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of QDG against hypertension-induced cardiac injury, a network pharmacology study was conducted. Predicted results were validated by Western blot, radioimmunoassay immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS: The administration of QDG resulted in a significant decrease in blood pressure levels in SHRs (P<0.01). Histological examinations, including hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson trichrome staining revealed that QDG effectively attenuated hypertension-induced cardiac damage. Furthermore, echocardiography demonstrated that QDG improved hypertension-associated cardiac dysfunction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colorimetric method indicated that QDG significantly reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory response levels in both myocardial tissue and serum (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Both network pharmacology and experimental investigations confirmed that QDG exerted its beneficial effects in decreasing hypertension-induced cardiac damage by regulating the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II (Ang II)/Ang II receptor type 1 axis and ACE/Ang II/Ang II receptor type 2 axis.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Hypertension/pathology* ; Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects* ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects* ; Male ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Blood Pressure/drug effects* ; Myocardium/pathology* ; Rats ; Inflammation/pathology*