Any dysfunction or obstruction in blood circulation can lead to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is multifactorial but primarily caused by atherosclerosis.Nutrition is considered as the most significant modifiable environmental factor, with a direct influence on cardiovascular risk mediated by triggering inflammation, oxidative stress, and various physiological, molecular, and biological changes. Despite these well-established mechanisms, targeting nutrition has not led to the expected reduction in CVD mortality rates. This discrepancy is thought to be due to interindividual variability in genetic factors that modulate responses to nutritional interventions. Genetic variants can interact with specific nutrients and dietary components, influencing their effects on cardiovascular health.Advances in nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics which explore nutrient-gene interactions, have led to the development of the concept of personalized nutrition. This approach aims to prevent CVD and other diseases by tailoring dietary treatments to individual genotypes identified through genetic polymorphisms. It is suggested that life expectancy and sustainable healthy living can be enhanced by aligning dietary treatments with specific genetic profiles associated with CVD. Therefore, this review discusses genes linked to CVD and explores how gene-driven differences in dietary responses affect cardiovascular health outcomes.

The aim of this study was to use the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) to assess diet quality and determine the relationship between the HEI-2005 and the energy and nutrient intakes of adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,104 healthy adolescents, mean age of 15.8 +/- 1.24 years. Dietary intake was measured with the 24-hour dietary recall method, and dietary quality was assessed by means of the HEI-2005. Diet quality scores ranged from 23.7 to 77.5. The mean score was found to be 51.5 +/- 9.07 according to the HEI-2005. There were no differences according to gender; 42.8% had a poor diet and 57.2% had a diet that needs improvement. No subjects had a "good diet". Lower mean subgroup scores were found for whole grains, total vegetables, total fruits, dairy products, and meat and beans. Fruits and vegetables scores were significantly high in girls, whereas sodium, oil, and meat and beans scores were significantly high in boys. Total HEI-2005 scores were increasingly associated with parental education level when age and gender were adjusted. There was a negative correlation between HEI-2005 scores and age, total energy intake, and fat intake. Positive correlation was only observed in the HEI-2005 scores for protein and dietary fibre intakes. Consequently, the overall diet quality and nutritional habits of Turkish adolescents need modification and improvement. In the family, measures should be initiated by the government, including advertisements and campaigns.
Adolescent ; Edible Grain ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dairy Products ; Diet ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Fabaceae ; Fruit ; Humans ; Meat ; Parents ; Sodium ; Vegetables