Objective To investigate the acute toxicity,irritation,and other effects of Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment on hemorrhoid-phased model rats by examining the TLR4/p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.Methods Sixteen New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into an intact skin Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment group,intact skin control group,broken skin Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment group,and broken skin control group,with four rabbits in each group.In the experimental group,20 g of Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment(1 g/mL)was evenly applied to an area on the rabbits depleted of hair,and an equal volume of solvent(mixture of glycerol,lanolin,and water)was evenly applied to the area on the backs of the rabbits in the control group once a day for 14 days.Another 40 rats were taken and randomly divided into a normal group,model group,Maillard group,and hemorrhoid cream group,with 10 animals in each group.The cream was applied once a day for 14 days.The acute toxicity of the cream in the intact and broken skin of rabbits was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and other method after treatment.In situ photographs were taken of the perianal tissues of rats with hemorrhoids to observe the efficacy of Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment,and the length and width of the ulcers were measured with vernier calipers to calculate the area.Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of TLR4,p38 MAPK,and NF-κB mRNA in the perianal tissues of the rats.Results Compared with rabbits in the control groups with intact or broken skin,rabbits in the administered group showed no significant difference in body mass.The mean values for the irritation evaluation points for Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment on rabbits with broken skin for 1 h,24 h,48 h,and 72 h were 1.5,1,0.5,and 0.25,respectively,showing there was no obvious skin irritation.In the hemorrhoidal rats,Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment treatment significantly reduced hemorrhoid symptoms after 14 days administration;the ulcer area was significantly smaller(P＜0.05)and TLR4,p38 MAPK,and NF-κB mRNA levels were significantly lower compared with the findings in the model group(P＜0.05).Conclusions Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment is a safe topical treatment with minimal acute toxicity and irritation to the skin and achieved good efficacy in the treatment of hemorrhoidal rats.Its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of the TLR4/p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

A 40-year-old female patient took ibuprofen dispersible tablets twice (0.4 g, 3-4 hours interval) by herself due to fever. One hour after the second medication, the patient developed nausea, vomiting, and small bleeding spots on skin. One day later, she developed yellowish skin and sclera. Three days later, her urine output decreased to 300-400 ml daily. Five days later, laboratory tests showed alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 3 531 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 811 U/L, total bilirubin (TBil) 149.7 μmol/L, creatinine (Scr) 753 μmol/L, and uric acid (UA) 800 μmol/L. She was diagnosis as having severe liver injury and acute renal failure, which was considered to be associated with ibuprofen. After 6 days of treatments such as liver protection, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), and fresh frozen plasma infusion, the patient′s yellowish skin and sclera were relieved and small bleeding points reduced. Laboratory tests showed ALT 513 U/L, AST 36 U/L, TBil 31.5 μmol/L, Scr 281 μmol/L, and UA 241 μmol/L. Her urine volume was 2 500 ml per day. After CRRT was stopped and liver-protective treatment was continued for 14 days, the yellowish skin subsided and the bleeding points disappeared. Laboratory tests showed ALT 55 U/L, AST 39 U/L, TBil 15.6 μmol/L, Scr 101 μmol/L, and UA 237 μmol/L, and her urine volume was 4 000 ml per day.

A 40-year-old female patient took ibuprofen dispersible tablets twice (0.4 g, 3-4 hours interval) by herself due to fever. One hour after the second medication, the patient developed nausea, vomiting, and small bleeding spots on skin. One day later, she developed yellowish skin and sclera. Three days later, her urine output decreased to 300-400 ml daily. Five days later, laboratory tests showed alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 3 531 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 811 U/L, total bilirubin (TBil) 149.7 μmol/L, creatinine (Scr) 753 μmol/L, and uric acid (UA) 800 μmol/L. She was diagnosis as having severe liver injury and acute renal failure, which was considered to be associated with ibuprofen. After 6 days of treatments such as liver protection, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), and fresh frozen plasma infusion, the patient′s yellowish skin and sclera were relieved and small bleeding points reduced. Laboratory tests showed ALT 513 U/L, AST 36 U/L, TBil 31.5 μmol/L, Scr 281 μmol/L, and UA 241 μmol/L. Her urine volume was 2 500 ml per day. After CRRT was stopped and liver-protective treatment was continued for 14 days, the yellowish skin subsided and the bleeding points disappeared. Laboratory tests showed ALT 55 U/L, AST 39 U/L, TBil 15.6 μmol/L, Scr 101 μmol/L, and UA 237 μmol/L, and her urine volume was 4 000 ml per day.

To control the quality of Tibetan medicine Saussureae obvalltae, the quality control method and standard were established in this study. The water content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of Saussureae obvalltae were determined according to the methods recorded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia(2010 edition). Microscopical identification was performed for the plant and powder of the leaves. The TLC method was established, with chlorogenic acid and rutin as control substances, and a mixture of acetate-btuanone-formic acid-water (10∶6∶1∶2) as developing solvent and silica gel G as thin layer plate. Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C₁₈ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) column was adopted and eluted with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid (17∶83) in a gradient mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL•min⁻¹. The column temperature was 40 ℃ and the detection wavelength was 350 nm. As a result, the plant and leaves of Saussureae obvalltae of different origins showed constent microscopic features. Chlorogenic acid, rutin and the other constituents were well separated on TLC detected under the sun light. According to the results of the methodological study, chlorogenic acid and rutin were in good linear correlation in the ranges of 0.119 2-0.715 4 μg(r=0.999 9) and 0.160 7-0.964 4 μg(r=1.000), and the average recoveries were 105.4% (RSD 1.4%) and 99.50% (RSD 0. 91%), respectively. The content of ethanol-soluble extractives, water content, total ash and acid-insoluble ash were 26.01%-31.59%, 7.16%-8.04%, 8.46%-11.14%,0.50%-1.87%, respectively. According to the study, the established method was specific and accurate, which could be used for the quality control of this drug.

ObjectiveTo understand the harm of drinking-tea borne endemic flnorosis on human body and to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of effective control measures.MethodsSeven counties in Lhasa of Tibet were selected as monitoring counties in 2008.Four townships in each county were selected(including 2 villages in Chengguan county),and 2 administrative villages in each township were selected as monitoring villages.By using Dean method,dental fluorosis of every child aged 8 - 12 in the monitoring villages was examined.At the same time,urine samples were randomly collected in each age group in the above-mentioned villages.The content of fluoride in urine was determined by F-ion selective electrode (WS/T 30-1996) and evaluated according to “The Normal Concentration of Uriary Fluride of Population” (WS/T 256-2005).Over 18 years old in the monitoring counties were divided into five age group as - 25,- 35,- 45,- 55 and 56 -,at least 10 ment were randomly selected in each age group to be examined clinical skeletal fluorosis,and the diagnosis was based on the endemic skeletal fluorosis standard(WS 192-2007 ).At the same time,adult dental fluorosis diagnosis and urinary fluoride examination were done.Drinking water samples in each survey point were collected and water fluoride was determination by ion selective electrode method.Results①Dental fluorosis:a total of 723 children aged 8 to 12 were examined,91 cases of dental fluorosis were detected,and detection rate was 12.58％,dental fluorosis index was 0.34; ②adult dental fluorosis:a total of 2626 adults were examined,998 cases of dental fluorosis were detected,and detection rate was 38.00％,dental fluorosis index was 0.71; ③Adult clinical skeletal fluorosis:a total of 2626 adults were examined,15 degree Ⅱ clinical skeletal fluorosis patients were detected,and the detection rate was 0.57％ ; ④Child urine fluoride:a total of 700 child urine samples were collected.The geometric mean was 1.97 mg/L,ranged 0.01 to 17.56 rng/L; ⑤Adult urine fluoride:a total of 2626 adults were examined,geometric mean 2.16 mg/L,ranged 0.01 to 56.87 mg/L; ⑥Water fluoride:52 water samples were tested in survey sites,and fluoride content of 15 water samples exceeded the standard; ⑦Tea fluorine content:2000 tea samples were tested; median tea fluoride was 2.38 mg/L,ranged from 0.03 to 56.87 mg/L.ConclusionsFluorosis is serious in Lhasa,which is directly related to drinking brick tea,it is recommended that to drink brick tea with lowfluoride,and discard bad living habits.

Recent developments in nanotechnology offer researchers opportunities to significantly transform cancer therapeutics. This technology has enabled the manipulation of the biological and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials to facilitate more efficient drug targeting and delivery. Clinical investigations suggest that therapeutic nanoparticles can enhance efficacy and reduced side effects compared with conventional cancer therapeutic drugs. Encouraged by rapid and promising progress in cancer nanotechnology, researchers continue to develop novel and efficacious nanoparticles for drug delivery. The use of therapeutic nanoparticles as unique drug delivery systems will be a significant addition to current cancer therapeutics.
Drug Delivery Systems ; Nanoparticles ; Nanostructures ; Nanotechnology