Background: Simultaneous multiple intracerebral haemorrhages (SMICH) is hemorrhage in different arterial territories and are a rare clinical entity. The primary cause of single ICH is hypertension; however, the causes and risk factors of simultaneous multiple ICH are still unknown. Aim: To clarify the aetiology, risk factors and functional outcome of SMICH compared with solitary intracerebral haemorrhages (ICH). Materials and Methods: A total of 718 consecutive patients with spontaneous ICH admitted to our hospital were prospectively studied. Nine SMICH cases were identified, and 19 risk factors, clinical and neuroimaging variables were compared between SMICH and solitary ICH cases using the unpaired t-test, chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression. Result: 709 (98.75%) patients with ICH and 9 (1.25%) patients with SMICH were enrolled in the study. The age, sex distribution, and other associated risk factors were comparable between the groups (all P>0.05). By SMASH-U classification, arterial hypertension was identified in 6 (66.7%), and it was the most common cause in the SMICH group. Bilateral thalamic or putamenal haemorrhages (33.3% versus 33.3%) were the most common combinations of simultaneous bleedings. Age and NIHSS at admission were associated with 90-day mortality in multivariable analyses (OR 1.018; 95% CI, 1.000-1.036; p=0.044; versus OR 1.080; 95% CI, 1.029-1.135; p=0.002), but GCS was not (OR 0.834; 95% CI, 0.734-0.948; p=0.006). Conclusion Patients with SMICH have risk factors and clinical characteristics similar to those of patients with solitary ICH, but they have a much poorer outcome.

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a disease caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel and is considered to have an individual, occupational, and socioeconomic impact. Aim: To study the risk factors for CTS among hospital floor cleaners. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among floor cleaners at the Third State Central Hospital. Clinical and electrophysiological severity of CTS were evaluated using standardised scales, and symptoms were assessed with the self-administered Boston Questionnaire (BQ). Demographic and non-occupational factors, as well as durations of current and previous occupations, were recorded. The diagnosis was confirmed by electrophysiological analysis. Each assessment was categorised as mild, moderate, or severe. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0. Result: The prevalence of CTS among floor cleaners was 39% (32/82) (p < 0.001). In the simple logistic regression, comorbidities (OR, 2.50 [95% CI, 1.02-6.16]), smoking (OR, 3.90 [95% CI, 1.12-13.57]) and in the multiple logistic regression, only comorbidities (OR, 2.90 [95% CI, 1.03-8.16]) were the predictors of CTS. Conclusion The risk of developing CTS among hospital floor cleaners is influenced by BMI, smoking, and comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus.

Background: Diabetes mellitus accounts for 42.9% of endocrine and nutritional metabolic diseases in Mongolia, with a prevalence of 111.4 cases per 10,000 population. This represents a 28.5% increase compared with the previous year (82.9 cases per 10,000 population in 2019), indicating a continuing upward trend in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. In Mongolian traditional medicine, Sapparin tablets are used to treat blood disorders and liver diseases. The formulation contains four major herbal ingredients: C. jubata, C. sappan, Z. officinale, and H. rhamnoides. Aim: To study the effects of Sapparin in a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic model in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: We used 40 Wistar rats to establish a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model according to the method described by Bailu Duan et al. (2017). The rats were fed a high-fat diet for 28 days, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 35 mg/kg to induce T2DM. After STZ administration, Sapparin was orally administered to diabetic rats at 89 and 178 mg/kg for 21 days. At the end of the experimental period, insulin, GLUT4, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions on days 14 and 21. Result: After 14 and 21 days of treatment, fasting blood glucose levels decreased by 33% and 22.5% in the Sapparin 89 mg/kg and 178 mg/kg groups, respectively, compared with the diabetic control group (p=0.05). In the glucose tolerance test, the 89 mg/kg Sapparin-treated group showed a 31% increase in glucose levels at the initial measurement compared with the diabetic control group, followed by decreases of 10% at 30 min and 30% at 120 min (p=0.04). Serum insulin levels in the 89 mg/kg Sapparin group decreased by 20% on day 14 and 19.8% on day 21 compared with the diabetic control group, while the 178 mg/kg group showed decreases of 15% and 20%, respectively, approaching the levels observed in the healthy control group (p=0.05). Furthermore, HOMA-IR decreased by 42–46% over time in both the 89 and 178 mg/ kg Sapparin-treated groups, with statistically significant differences observed (p=0.05). Conclusion In a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Sapparin reduced blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and may have a positive effect on lipid metabolism.

Background: Otitis media is an inflammatory disease involving the mucous membrane of the middle ear, including the auditory tube, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, and air cells¹. Multiple factors contribute to the development of OM, one of which is adenoid hypertrophy5. However, to date, no study has been conducted in Mongolia to assess the relationship between the degree of adenoid hypertrophy and OM. Aim: To analyze cases of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a cross-sectional observational research design. Clinical data from a total of n=215 cases of children who were diagnosed with adenoid and palatine tonsil hypertrophy and underwent surgical treatment at Gurvan Gal Hospital between October 2023 and October 2024 were analyzed. Statistical processing was performed using STATA 14.2, with statistical significance considered at p < 0.05. Results: Clinical data from 215 children were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between the degree of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and otitis media. The children ranged in age from 2 to 17 years, with a mean age of 7.23 ± 3.4 years. Among them, 128 (59.53%) were male (7.09 ± 3.29 years) and 87 (40.46%) were female (7.45 ± 3.58 years). A statistically significant moderate negative correlation was found between age group and the degree of adenoid hypertrophy (rho = -0.3485, p < 0.001). A significant seasonal variation in otitis media was observed (p = 0.0001). A statistically significant correlation was found between the degree of adenoid hypertrophy and otitis media (p < 0.001). However, no significant correlation was observed between the degree of palatine tonsil hypertrophy and otitis media (p = 0.8762). Conclusion The incidence of adenoid hypertrophy is highest among children aged 6 to 9 years, and there is a moderate negative correlation between age and the degree of adenoid hypertrophy. The occurrence of otitis media varies by season, with the highest number of cases reported during the winter months. As the grade of adenoid hypertrophy increases, the number of otitis media cases also rises.

Background: Pneumonia caused by COVID-19 tends to be more severe in middle-aged and elderly individuals, often leading to decreased pulmonary ventilation function and negatively impacting quality of life post-recovery. However, studies on this topic are limited in Mongolia. Aim: To evaluate pulmonary ventilation function and exercise tolerance in middle-aged and elderly individuals after COVID-19 pneumonia. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted from June 2022 to December 2023 at Gurvan Gal United Hospital and the First Central Hospital of Mongolia. The study group included 65 individuals aged 50- 69 who had recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia, while the control group consisted of 65 age-matched individuals who had not contracted the infection. Participants underwent a questionnaire, spirometry, and a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) to assess lung function and exercise tolerance. Results: A total of 123 participants were included in the study. The study group showed a significant reduction in FEV1 (P=0.015). compared to the control group. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in FVC or the 6MWT results between the two groups (P=0.464). Symptoms such as chest pain, cough, fatigue, and insomnia were significantly more common in the study group than in the control group (P<0.0001). Conclusion Individuals aged 50-69 who had COVID-19 pneumonia exhibited prolonged symptoms such as persistent cough, chest pain, nasal congestion, sore throat, fatigue, and sleep disturbances at a significantly higher rate compared to the control group (P<0.0001). Pulmonary ventilation function showed a mild decline, with FEV1% being lower than in the control group (P=0.015). Additionally, pulmonary fibrosis was significantly more prevalent among the post-COVID-19 group compared to the control group (P=0.026).

A total of 535 4th∼6th grade students in the Gyeonggi area were surveyed in an effort to increase vegetable preference and intake. They were divided into 3 groups according to the frequency of salad consumption (High-frequency group, HF, more than once a week G; Intermediate-frequency, IFG, 1∼3 times/month;Low-frequency group, LFG, less than once a month). The proportion of subjects who preferred salad over other vegetable dishes was much lower in the LFG than in the other groups. Compared to the HFG, more students in the LFG gave ‘dressing’ as the main reason for their preferring salads, and ‘because of vegetables in salad’ and ‘not knowing the necessity of eating salad’ as the main reasons. Compared to the HFG and MFG, the proportion of students responding ‘less than twice a week’ for vegetable and fruit consumption and ‘more than 2 hours/day on the internet/games’ was higher, while the preferences for namul, salads, saengchae, baechukimchi, chonggakkimchi, nabakkimchi, and fruits were lower in the LFG. The numbers of unfamiliar vegetables and dressings were lower in the HFG than in the other groups and were negatively correlated with the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and the preferences for aengchaes, bokkeum, salad, and namul. Also, this study compared the preferences for 14 vegetables and 9 dressings as ingredients of salads by gender, grade, and frequency of eating salads.

A total of 535 4th∼6th grade students in the Gyeonggi area were surveyed in an effort to increase vegetable preference and intake. They were divided into 3 groups according to the frequency of salad consumption (High-frequency group, HF, more than once a week G; Intermediate-frequency, IFG, 1∼3 times/month;Low-frequency group, LFG, less than once a month). The proportion of subjects who preferred salad over other vegetable dishes was much lower in the LFG than in the other groups. Compared to the HFG, more students in the LFG gave ‘dressing’ as the main reason for their preferring salads, and ‘because of vegetables in salad’ and ‘not knowing the necessity of eating salad’ as the main reasons. Compared to the HFG and MFG, the proportion of students responding ‘less than twice a week’ for vegetable and fruit consumption and ‘more than 2 hours/day on the internet/games’ was higher, while the preferences for namul, salads, saengchae, baechukimchi, chonggakkimchi, nabakkimchi, and fruits were lower in the LFG. The numbers of unfamiliar vegetables and dressings were lower in the HFG than in the other groups and were negatively correlated with the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and the preferences for aengchaes, bokkeum, salad, and namul. Also, this study compared the preferences for 14 vegetables and 9 dressings as ingredients of salads by gender, grade, and frequency of eating salads.

A total of 535 4th∼6th grade students in the Gyeonggi area were surveyed in an effort to increase vegetable preference and intake. They were divided into 3 groups according to the frequency of salad consumption (High-frequency group, HF, more than once a week G; Intermediate-frequency, IFG, 1∼3 times/month;Low-frequency group, LFG, less than once a month). The proportion of subjects who preferred salad over other vegetable dishes was much lower in the LFG than in the other groups. Compared to the HFG, more students in the LFG gave ‘dressing’ as the main reason for their preferring salads, and ‘because of vegetables in salad’ and ‘not knowing the necessity of eating salad’ as the main reasons. Compared to the HFG and MFG, the proportion of students responding ‘less than twice a week’ for vegetable and fruit consumption and ‘more than 2 hours/day on the internet/games’ was higher, while the preferences for namul, salads, saengchae, baechukimchi, chonggakkimchi, nabakkimchi, and fruits were lower in the LFG. The numbers of unfamiliar vegetables and dressings were lower in the HFG than in the other groups and were negatively correlated with the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and the preferences for aengchaes, bokkeum, salad, and namul. Also, this study compared the preferences for 14 vegetables and 9 dressings as ingredients of salads by gender, grade, and frequency of eating salads.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the major etiologies of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with approximately 30% of HCC being due to HCV infection worldwide. HCV eradication by antivirals greatly reduces the risk of HCC; nevertheless, HCC remains to occur in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients who have achieved a sustained virological response (SVR). The proportion of post-SVR HCC among newly diagnosed HCC patients is increasing in the direct-acting antiviral (DAA) era and might be due to preexisting inflammatory and fibrotic liver backgrounds, immune dysregulation between host and virus interactions, as well as host epigenetic scars, genetic predispositions and alternations. By means of applying surrogate markers and adopting risk stratification, HCC surveillance should be consistently performed in high-risk populations. In this review, we discuss the possible molecular mechanism, risk factors, and HCC surveillance strategy for HCC development after HCV eradication in CHC patients.