Objective To investigate the role of Taraxasterol(TAR)on ferroptosis in chondrocytes induced by Erastin.Methods The C28/I2 chondrocyte line was treated with Erastin to construct the ferroptosis model of chon-drocytes in vitro and the experiments were divided into Control,Erastin,TAR,and TAR+Erastin groups.Cell via-bility was detected by the CCK-8 assay.Cytotoxicity was detected by the lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)kit and the Calcein/PI cytokinesis kit.Flow cytometry was used to detect lipid reactive oxygen species(ROS).The intracellular glutathione(GSH)content was detected by GSH kit.Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 stai-ning and RH123 staining.ACSL4 and GPX4 protein expression and the key indicators of ferroptosis were detected by Western blot.Results TAR restored the decreased cell viability of C28/I2 chondrocytes induced by Erastin treatment as well as reduced Erastin-induced cytotoxicity(P＜0.01).Compared with the control group,the level of intracellular lipid ROS increased(P＜0.01)and the content of GSH decreased(P＜0.01)after treatment with Erastin,while TAR could reduce the production of lipid ROS(P＜0.01)and increase the content of GSH(P＜0.01).TAR restored mitochondrial membrane potential in C28/I2 chondrocytes ferroptosis,decreased ACSL4 pro-tein expression(P＜0.01)and increased GPX4 protein expression(P＜0.01).In addition,TAR restored the re-duced cell viability caused by IL-1 β treatment.Conclusion TAR can inhibit Erastin induced ferroptosis in C28/I2 chondrocytes,which may be related to the regulation of ACSL4 and GPX4 protein expression.

Social impairment is one of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which seriously affects patients' daily life. Using optogenetics, functional magnetic resonance imaging and other techniques, significant progress has been made in the study of the anatomical structure of the brain, functional connectivity and neural circuits in ASD patients. This study reviews the latest findings on the neural mechanisms of social impairment in ASD. In terms of the structure of brain regions, patients with ASD have structural abnormalities in key brain regions such as the putamen, amygdala and nucleus accumbens, and these abnormalities may affect emotion regulation and reward processing functions.In terms of the functional connectivity of brain regions, functional connectivity abnormalities of the brain in patients with ASD may lead to dysfunctional social behaviors. Further analysis revealed that abnormalities in neural circuits involving the prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, and cerebellum were closely associated with social deficits in ASD patients. Meanwhile, abnormal synaptic function and imbalance of the neurotransmitter system are also considered to be important pathological mechanisms for social deficits in ASD patients. These findings allow for a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying social deficits in ASD patients and provide a scientific basis for developing targeted interventions to improve the social function and quality of life of ASD patients.

Social impairment is one of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which seriously affects patients' daily life. Using optogenetics, functional magnetic resonance imaging and other techniques, significant progress has been made in the study of the anatomical structure of the brain, functional connectivity and neural circuits in ASD patients. This study reviews the latest findings on the neural mechanisms of social impairment in ASD. In terms of the structure of brain regions, patients with ASD have structural abnormalities in key brain regions such as the putamen, amygdala and nucleus accumbens, and these abnormalities may affect emotion regulation and reward processing functions.In terms of the functional connectivity of brain regions, functional connectivity abnormalities of the brain in patients with ASD may lead to dysfunctional social behaviors. Further analysis revealed that abnormalities in neural circuits involving the prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, and cerebellum were closely associated with social deficits in ASD patients. Meanwhile, abnormal synaptic function and imbalance of the neurotransmitter system are also considered to be important pathological mechanisms for social deficits in ASD patients. These findings allow for a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying social deficits in ASD patients and provide a scientific basis for developing targeted interventions to improve the social function and quality of life of ASD patients.

Objective:To explore the prognostic factors of patients with gallbladder cancer in different anatomical locations.Methods:A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 140 patients with gallbladder cancer who were surgically treated in the 904 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force from January 2015 to December 2015. Among them, 49 were males and 91 were females, with a median age of 64.0 years. According to the location of gallbladder cancer, they were divided into the neck of the gallbladder and the bottom of the gallbladder. The clinical data of the two groups were compared. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for univariate analysis, and Cox multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the significant factors of univariate survival to determine the independent risk factors that affect the prognosis of patients with gallbladder cancer. Use Pearson correlation to analyze the correlation between clinicopathological characteristics.Results:Patients in the neck of the gallbladder group had higher levels of preoperative total bilirubin, preoperative albumin, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, extrahepatic bile duct resection (biliary-enteric anastomosis), radical resection, breakthrough of the liver/serous membrane invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, local recurrence in the operation area in the surgical area were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Univariate analysis suggested that preoperative jaundice, Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), C-reactive protein, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, accidental gallbladder cancer, surgical method, tumor pathological type, tumor differentiation degree, tumor growth location (neck than the bottom of the body) are related to the prognosis (all P<0.05). Cox regression analysis indicated that GPS ( RR=3.272, 95 CI: 1.987-5.388), surgical method ( RR=4.149, 95 CI: 2.561-6.723), tumor location ( RR=0.316, 95 CI: 0.209-0.478), distant metastasis ( RR=1.695, 95 CI: 1.036-2.775) and TNM staging ( RR=3.686, 95 CI: 2.222-6.115) are independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of gallbladder cancer. Correlation analysis suggests that neck tumors are related to later staging, liver bile duct invasion, lymph node metastasis, high inflammation levels, and low radical cure rates. Conclusions:Gallbladder cancer that occurs in the neck of the gallbladder is an independent factor influencing the poor prognosis of patients with surgical treatment. In addition, TNM staging, distant metastasis and Glasgow score are important predictors of survival in patients with gallbladder cancer.

Objective:To investigate the expression and clinical significance of Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC).Methods:Surgical specimens and clinical data were collected from 63 patients with GBC who underwent radical cholecystectomy in the 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA from January 2014 to January 2019. In the GBC group, there were 21 males and 42 females, with an average age of 62.5 years. For 30 patients with mild to moderate atypical hyperplasia of gallbladder during the same period were included in the precancerous lesion group, including 9 males and 21 females, with an average age of 62.4 years. Normal gallbladder specimens from 20 patients who underwent surgical resection due to liver trauma or giant hepatic hemangioma were collected and included in the normal group, including 7 males and 13 females, with an average age of 61.9 years. The expressions of GOLPH3, NLRP3, Ki-67 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Log-rank test and Cox regression were adopted to analyze the GOLPH3 and NLRP3 expression and survival prognosis of gallbladder cancer patients.Results:Expression of GOLPH3 and NLRP3 in the tumor group, precancerous lesion group and normal group was decreased separately. In GBC tissues, the level of GOLPH3 and NLRP3 was positively correlated with the Ki-67 expression ( r=0.972 and r=0.969, both P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that high level of GOLPH3 ( HR=4.891, 95% CI: 1.776-13.470) and NLRP3 ( HR=3.006, 95% CI: 1.273-7.099) was an independent risk factor for predicting the postoperative survival of patients with GBC (both P<0.05). Conclusion:GOLPH3 and NLRP3 are highly expressed in GBC tissues, and high expression of GOLPH3 and NLRP3 is an independent risk factor for postoperative survival in patients with GBC.

In recent years, with the development of economy, the improvement of people′s living standards, the change of lifestyle and the prevalence of obesity and diabetes, the incidence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in the world is increasing year by year.NAFLD is a sort of liver disease spectrum associated with genetics-environment-metabolic stress and is a common multifactorial involvement of liver disease.Interleukin(IL)-17 is a pro-inflammatory factor mainly produced by T helper cell 17.Recently, it has been found that the expression of IL-17 is increased in various liver diseases, and relevant studies have confirmed that IL-17 can facilitate the occurrence and development of NAFLD, and the underlying mechanisms are related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, immune inflammation and lipoapoptosis, etc.Now, the research advances of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of NAFLD are reviewed.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of goal-activity-motor environment (GAME) therapy and neurodevelopmental therapy (NDT) in the early intervention of high-risk infants with cerebral palsy (IHRCP), and to provide scientific evidence-based medical basis for early intervention of IHRCP. Methods: A total of 62 cases of IHRCP were enrolled in the Children′s Neurological Rehabilitation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medi-cal University from June 2017 to December 2018.They were divided into GAME group (32 cases) and NDT group (30 cases) according to the admission order.Gross Motor Function Scale (GMFM), Fine Motor Function Measure (FMFM) and Gesell Development Scale (GDS) were used for detection and comparison.The differences among the gross motor, the fine motor score and the developmental quotient (DQ) between two groups before treatment, 9 months after treatment and 12 months after treatment, and the normalization rate and the incidence of cerebral palsy between the two groups at 12 months of age were compared. Results: (1) Motor function was as follows: at 9 months[GAME: (32.63±15.83) scores, (30.03±15.88) scores], [NDT: (33.37±15.61) scores, (29.67±12.54) scores] and at 12 months[GAME: (40.56±15.79) scores, (36.31±14.98) scores], [NDT: (40.47±15.50) scores, (36.73±14.58) scores] after treatment, and GMFM and FMFM scores in GAME and NDT groups were significantly higher than those before treatment[GAME: (27.56±14.24) scores, (21.75±11.35) scores], [NDT: (26.93±14.96) scores, (21.30±10.67) scores], and the differences were significant (all P<0.01), but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (all P> 0.05). (2) DQ had no significant difference in DQ between GAME group(63.59±10.83) and NDT group (61.59±7.96) before treatment (P>0.05). The total DQ at 9 months, 12 months, the total DQ of GAME group (73.67±12.00, 81.59±13.03) was significantly higher than that of NDT group (66.05±9.54, 75.17±1.92) (all P<0.05). Among them, the improvement of GAME in speech (79.84±16.56, 83.19±17.05) at 9 months and 12 months, and adaptive ability(78.63±16.37, 85.78±13.60) were significantly higher than that of NDT group(71.63±13.36, 72.53±12.77), (68.20±14.97, 77.43±12.10), and the differences were significant (all P<0.05). (3) Prognosis was as follows: at 12 months after treatment, 25 cases in GAME group and 23 cases in NDT group developed into normal children, there was no significant difference in the normalization rate between the 2 groups (P>0.05); the incidence of cerebral palsy was present in 6 cases in GAME group and 5 cases in NDT group, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Conclusions GAME therapy and NDT had significant effects on both gross and fine exercise of IHRCP, and the efficacy of the two methods is similar.Both GAME therapy and NDT can equally promote IHRCP development into normal infants and reduce the incidence of cerebral palsy.

Objective:To investigate the expressions of TGF-β1,survivin and caspase-3 in hepatolithiasis-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)tissue and their clinical significance.Methods:The expressions of TGF-β1,survivin and caspase-3 in intrahepatic bile duct specimens from 52 patients with intrahepatic stones and concomitant ICC(tumor group)and 30 patients with intrahepatic stones and chronic inflammation(inflammation group)as well as 30 specimens of normal intrahepatic bile duct were determined by immunohistochemical staining.The relations of the three factors with the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of ICC patients were analyzed.Results:In tumor group,inflammation group and normal group,the positive expression rates TGF-β1 and survivin presented a successively decreasing order,while the positive expression rates of caspase-3 showed a successively increasing order(all P<0.05);in ICC tissue,the expressions of TGF-β1 and survivin showed a positive correlation(r=0.917,P<0.01),and both had a negative correlation with that of caspase-3(r=-0.890,P<0.01;r=-0.894,P<0.01).the results of univariate and multivariate analyses showed that TGF-β1,survivin and caspase-3 were independent influential factors for the prognosis of patients with hepatolithiasis-associated ICC(all P<0.05);the survival rates of patients with positive TGF-β1 or survivin expression were significantly reduced compared with respective negative ones(χ2=13.192,P=0.001;χ2=10.536,P=0.002),and the survival rate of patients with positive caspase-3 expression was significantly higher than those with its negative expression(χ2=5.469,P=0.023).Conclusion:The expressions of TGF-β1,survivin and caspase-3 are abnormal in hepatolithiasis-associated ICC tissue,and they may probably be jointly involved in the occurrence and development of this condition.

Objective:To investigate the expressions of TGF-β1,survivin and caspase-3 in hepatolithiasis-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)tissue and their clinical significance.Methods:The expressions of TGF-β1,survivin and caspase-3 in intrahepatic bile duct specimens from 52 patients with intrahepatic stones and concomitant ICC(tumor group)and 30 patients with intrahepatic stones and chronic inflammation(inflammation group)as well as 30 specimens of normal intrahepatic bile duct were determined by immunohistochemical staining.The relations of the three factors with the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of ICC patients were analyzed.Results:In tumor group,inflammation group and normal group,the positive expression rates TGF-β1 and survivin presented a successively decreasing order,while the positive expression rates of caspase-3 showed a successively increasing order(all P<0.05);in ICC tissue,the expressions of TGF-β1 and survivin showed a positive correlation(r=0.917,P<0.01),and both had a negative correlation with that of caspase-3(r=-0.890,P<0.01;r=-0.894,P<0.01).the results of univariate and multivariate analyses showed that TGF-β1,survivin and caspase-3 were independent influential factors for the prognosis of patients with hepatolithiasis-associated ICC(all P<0.05);the survival rates of patients with positive TGF-β1 or survivin expression were significantly reduced compared with respective negative ones(χ2=13.192,P=0.001;χ2=10.536,P=0.002),and the survival rate of patients with positive caspase-3 expression was significantly higher than those with its negative expression(χ2=5.469,P=0.023).Conclusion:The expressions of TGF-β1,survivin and caspase-3 are abnormal in hepatolithiasis-associated ICC tissue,and they may probably be jointly involved in the occurrence and development of this condition.

Objective To investigate the relevance between expectations before treatment, new symptoms and satisfaction after treatment of the pelvic organ prolapse (POP) patients. Methods Made a collection of 75 cases of POP patients at Peking University Third Hospital, who were affected by the POP symptoms and came to our clinic for treatment from January to December in 2013. Prospectively investigate the patients′expectations before treatment, which were the most troubling symptoms to be solved. According to treatment we divided the patients into surgery and pessary groups. Two groups were followed up with the degree to achieve the desired goals using patient global impression of improvement (PGI-I), new symptoms and satisfaction after treatment, try to find the relevance between expectations before treatment, new symptoms and satisfaction after treatment. Results There were 47 (63%, 47/75) patients in the surgical group and 28 (37%, 28/75) patients in the pessary group. The top three problems for patients were friction when walking (25%, 19/75), dysuria (23%, 17/75) and the feeling of vaginal prolapse (19%, 14/75). The follow-up rate was of 93% (70/75), follow-up time was (5 ± 4) months. Satisfaction score after treatment of surgical group was higher than that of pessary group [(4.9±0.4) versus (4.0±1.3) scores, P<0.01]. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups of PGI-I score [(6.7±0.6) versus (6.6±0.9) scores, P=0.886]. The top three new symptoms after treatment were increased secretion, urinary incontinence and dysuria. PGI-I and satisfaction scores was relevant (P=0.021). The availability of new symptoms and satisfaction scores was relevant (P=0.001). Conclusion When achieving higher expectations to the treatment and no more new symptoms, the satisfaction score after treatment is higher.