Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and needs the help of HBV envelope protein to complete its own assembly and replication and then establish a new infection cycle. Chronic HDV infection is considered the most severe form of viral hepatitis, which can accelerate disease progression and increase the risk of liver cancer. Effective antiviral therapy is urgently needed to delay disease progression in patients with HDV infection, but Bulevirtide conditionally approved by European Medicines Agency in July 2020 and interferon previously recommended are the only drugs used for the treatment of HDV infection. At present, studies are being conducted for several antiviral drugs targeting viral replication cycle, and early clinical trials have obtained good results. This means that important breakthroughs have been made in the development of antiviral drugs, bringing hope for the treatment of hepatitis D. This article summarizes the current antiviral drugs for hepatitis D and discusses related treatment regimens, so as to provide a reference for the treatment of hepatitis D.

COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has being spreading around the world, posing a serious threat to human health and lives. Neutralizing antibodies and small molecule inhibitors for virus replication cycle are the main antiviral treatment for novel coronavirus recommended in China. To further promote the rational use of antiviral therapy in clinical practice, the National Center for Infectious Diseases (Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University and the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine) invited experts in fields of infectious diseases, respiratory and intensive care to develop an Expert Consensus on Antiviral Therapy of COVID-19 based on the Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline for COVID-19 ( trial version 10) and experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in China. The consensus is concise, practical and highly operable, hopefully it would improve the understanding of antiviral therapy for clinicians and provide suggestions for standardized medication in treatment of COVID-19.

Novel coronavirus infection(COVID-19)has spread rapidly around the world since its emergence in 2019, with universal susceptibility of the population, causing hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths worldwide. Recently, the World Health Organization reconfirmed that COVID-19 is still a public health emergency of international concern. In order to ensure the early detection, identification and intervention of severe COVID-19 cases, reduce the disease severity and mortality, and further standardize the application of antiviral drugs for treatment, the National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID) has invited experts to develop the Expert Consensus on Antiviral Therapy of COVID-19 based on the Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline for COVID-19 ( Trial version 10) in January 2023. The expert consensus is an important document that systematically reviews, summarizes and analyzes the application of antiviral drugs for COVID-19 from a multidisciplinary perspective for the first time, and can provide guidance and reference for medical institutions at all levels in the selection of antiviral drugs for COVID-19. This article aims to interpret the main points of the expert consensus, including the current epidemiological situation and pathogenic characters of novel coronavirus, clinical characteristics and classification of COVID-19, focusing on the antiviral therapy, guidance for home treatment and post-discharge management of patients with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying novel strategies to prevent particulate matter (PM)-induced lung injury is crucial for the reduction of the morbidity of chronic respiratory diseases. The combined intervention represented by herbal formulae for simultaneously targeting multiple pathological processes can provide a more beneficial effect than the single intervention. The aim of this paper is therefore to design a safe and effective medicinal and edible Chinese herbs (MECHs) formula against PM-induced lung injury. METHODS: PM-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis A549 cell model were used to screen anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic MECHs, respectively. A network pharmacology method was utilized to rationally design a novel herbal formula. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer was utilized to assess the quality control of MECHs formula. The excretion of magnetic iron oxide nanospheres of the MECHs formula was estimated in zebrafish. The MECH formula against PM-induced lung injury was investigated with mice experiments. RESULTS: Five selected herbs were rationally designed to form a new MECH formula, including Citri Exocarpium Rubrum (Juhong), Lablab Semen Album (Baibiandou), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu), Mori Folium (Sangye) and Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma (Yuzhu). The formula effectively promoted the magnetic iron oxide nanospheres excretion in zebrafish. The mid/high dose formula significantly prevented PM-induced lung damage in mice by enhancing the activity of SOD and GSH-Px, reducing the MDA and ROS level and attenuating the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α), down regulating the protein expression of NF-κB, STAT3 and Caspase-3. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the effective MECHs formula will become a novel strategy for preventing PM-induced lung injury and provide a paradigm for the development of functional foods using MECHs.

Objective:To investigate the effects of SuperPATH approach versus conventional posterolateral approach in total hip replacement on inflammatory response, hip function, and quality of life in patients with hip diseases. Methods:The clinical data of 140 patients with hip diseases who underwent total hip replacement in Shanxian Central Hospital from March 2017 to May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into SuperPATH approach ( n = 70) and posterolateral approach ( n = 70) groups. Operation-related indexes, inflammatory response indexes, hip function, quality of life, and pain were compared between the two groups. Results:Intraoperative blood loss was significantly less in the SuperPATH approach group than in the posterolateral approach group [(105.40 ± 15.11) mL vs. (196.89 ± 24.26) mL, t = 26.74, P < 0.001]. Incision length, postoperative time to getting out of bed, length of hospital stay in the SuperPATH approach group were (6.85 ± 1.42) cm, (2.92 ± 0.28) days, and (6.67 ± 1.36) days, respectively, which were significantly shorter than those in the posterolateral approach group [(13.07 ± 1.89) cm, (8.36 ± 1.45) days, (10.91 ± 1.34) days, t = 19.36, 30.82, 18.58, P < 0.001]. Operative time was significantly longer in the SuperPATH approach group than in the posterolateral approach group [(69.38 ± 8.62) minutes vs. (60.45 ± 7.79) minutes, t = 6.43, P < 0.001). The scores of social role functioning, general health perceptions, vitality, mental health, bodily pain, emotional role functioning, physical functioning, and physical functioning measured 6 months after surgery were significantly higher in the SuperPATH approach group than in the posterolateral approach group ( t = 9.12, 11.80, 11.64, 11.69, 6.45, 11.79, 6.04, 10.74, all P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate measured 3 and 14 days after surgery between the two groups (both P > 0.05). Harris score used for evaluation of hip function 1 month after surgery was significantly higher in the SuperPATH approach group than in the posterolateral approach group [(76.42 ± 4.17) points vs. (69.37 ± 5.11) points, t = 8.94, P < 0.001]. The Visual Analog Scale score 3 days after surgery was significantly lower in the SuperPATH approach group than in the posterolateral approach group [(3.18 ± 0.21) points vs. (4.26 ± 0.29) points, t = 25.23, P < 0.001]. Conclusion:Compared with the conventional posterolateral approach, the SuperPATH approach for total hip arthroplasty takes longer operative time, but it can better reduce early postoperative pain, promote hip function recovery, and improve quality of life.

Objective:Sirtuins family is involved in the regulation of many biological events in the cells of the body. As one of the important members, SIRT1 may participate in the formation and development of colorectal cancer. We detected the expression of SIRT1 in colorectal cancer and adjacent normal mucosa to explore its role and significance in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.Methods:One hundred and twenty surgical specimens of patients from Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University who were hospitalized for colorectal cancer from January 2018 to July 2018 were selected as experimental group. The normal mucosa tissues more than 10 cm away from the tumor focus were taken as the control group. The expression of SIRT1 in colorectal cancer and normal mucosa was detected by immunohistochemistry SP method and Western blot. The different expression of SIRT1 in different organs of digestive tract and parts of human system was compared with Expression Atlas Database. The relationship between SIRT1 expression and clinical pathological data was analyzed to explore the role and significance of SIRT1 in colorectal cancer.Results:SIRT1 protein was mainly expressed in the tumor cell nucleus. The positive staining was brownish yellow, and it was highly expressed in rectal cancer; Sirt1 expression was positively correlated with the depth of tumor invasion, differentiation and tumor size, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05); SIRT1 was highly expressed in human digestive tract, but there was no significant difference in the expression of SIRT1 in various organs of digestive tract; Sirt1 may function through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Conclusions:SIRT1 plays the role of oncogene in the development of colorectal cancer, and increasing expression of SIRT1 promotes the development of colorectal cancer. SIRT1 may be a marker of early diagnosis of colorectal cancer, which is of great significance.

A number of developed countries are rapidly turning into super-aged societies. Consequently, the demand for reduced surgical invasiveness and enhanced efficiency in the medical field has increased due to the need to reduce the physical burden on older patients and shorten their recovery period. Intelligent surgical robot systems offer high precision, high safety, and reduced invasiveness. This paper presents a review of current intelligent surgical robot systems. The history of robots and three types of intelligent surgical robots are discussed. The problems with current surgical robot systems are then analyzed. Several aspects that should be considered in designing new surgical systems are discussed in detail. The paper ends with a summary of the work and a discussion of future prospects for surgical robot development.

Objective To study the detection rate of pathogens from sputum , blood, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF ) samples in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) patients complicated with pulmonary infection.Methods Seventy-three hospitalized AIDS patients complicated with pulmonary infection in Beijing Ditan Hospital , Capital Medical University were enrolled from February 2018 to September 2018.Blood, sputum and BALF samples were collected.Blood samples were cultured to detect anaerobic bacteria, aerobic bacteria, fungi and mycobacteria.Antigen agglutination method was applied in blood samples to detect cryptococcus neoformans.The sputum samples were tested for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by acid-fast staining and were cultured to detect bacteria and fungi.The sputum samples were observed under microscope for sporotrichosis and fungal spores.The BALF samples were cultured to detect bacteria and fungi. The BALF samples were tested for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction amplification and acid-fast staining.Pneumocystis were detected in BALF samples by methenamine silver staining method .The BALF samples were observed under a microscope for sporotrichosis and fungal spores .The detection rate of pathogens from blood, sputum and BALF samples were compared.Chi-square test was conducted for statistical analysis.Results In 73 AIDS patients complicated with pulmonary infection , the pathogen detection rates in blood, sputum and BALF samples were 8 (11.0%), 23 ( 31.5%) and 48 (65.8%), respectively.The difference was statistically significant ( F ＝48.513, P ＜0.01 ).The detection rate in BALF samples was significantly higher than that in blood or sputum samples ( χ2 ＝43.349 and 17.136, respectively, both P＜0.01).The detection rate in sputum samples was significantly higher than that in blood (χ2 ＝9.215, P＜0.05). The highest detection rates of pathogens in blood , sputum and BALF samples were Talaromyces marneffei 4.1%(3), viridans group streptococci 16.4%(12) and 35.6%(26), respectively.Conclusions The detection rate of pathogens in BALF samples from AIDS patients complicated with pulmonary infection is the highest , followed by sputum and blood samples.

Higher service efficiency and better medical experience are main goals of the healthcare system reform.The article explained the logical framework, main actions, initial results of the " one visit for all" reform, which aims at promoting the efficiency of medical services and management in Hangzhou.Policy suggestions are raised, namely involving more people into the governance mechanism, collaboratively optimizing the working process of medical staff, improving the information security mechanism, and perfecting the effectiveness evaluation system.These measures are designed to accelerate the construction of modern hospital management system, and to build a scientific and orderly hierarchical medical system.

Cryptococcal meningitis is a common and refractory central nervous system infection,with high rates of mortality and disability.The experts of the Society of Infectious Diseases of Chinese Medical Association have reached this consensus after a thorough discussion.Based on the current situation of cryptococcal meningitis in China,the management of cryptococcal meningitis includes 6 aspects:introduction,microorganism identification,clinical manifestations and diagnosis,principles of antifungal therapy,treatment of refractory and recurrent meningitis,treatment of intracranial hypertension.There is not a separate consensus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in patients with cryptococcal meningitis.This article focuses on different antifungal regimens and reducing intracranial pressure by reference to Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guidelines.The importance of early diagnosis,combined long-term antifungal therapy,control of intracranial hypertension are emphasized.