ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of 8 major respiratory pathogens in influenza-like illness (ILI) cases with acute respiratory infections at fever clinics in Huangpu District, Shanghai from 2015 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases. MethodsA retrospective study was conducted in Huangpu District. Individuals meeting the case definition of ILI from 2015 to 2024 was registered. Their nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for pathogen detection. A total of 8 respiratory viruses were tested, including Influenza A virus (Flu A), Influenza B virus (Flu B), adenovirus (ADV), enterovirus/human rhinovirus (EV/HRV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), human coronavirus (HCoV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV). ResultsFrom 2015 to 2019, a total of 344 ILI cases were tested, of which 192 out of 344 cases (55.81%) were tested positive for single respiratory pathogen. From 2023 to 2024, 1 557 ILI cases were tested, with 572 out of 1 557 cases (36.74%) being positive for single pathogen. From 2023 to 2024, the positive rate of single pathogen in ILI cases was significantly lower than that in 2015‒2019 (χ²=42.66, P<0.001). Specifically, the positive rate of Flu A (χ²=74.43, P<0.001) decreased, while that of HPIV (χ²=8.66, P=0.003) increased, both with statistically significant differences. According to the seasonal pattern, the epidemic intensity of Flu A decreased in summer, while that of HPIV increased in summer and autumn. Demographic results showed statistically significant differences in the positive rates of EV/HRV between genders (χ²=22.38, P<0.001), with males exhibiting a higher positive rate than females. No statistically significant differences were identified in the positive rates of single pathogen among different age groups (χ²=4.42, P=0.110). Nevertheless, statistically significant differences were noted when comparing the positive rates of EV/HRV, Flu A, Flu B and HPIV across different age groups (P<0.05). EV/HRV was more commonly detected in the 15‒<25 age group (10.93%), while Flu A and HPIV had the highest positive rates in the ≥60 age group (21.24% and 4.77%). Flu B had the highest positive rate in the 25‒<60 age group (11.26%). 52.63% of cases with co-infections occurred during winter, with the primary pathogens involved being EV/HRV (9 cases) and HCoV (6 cases). The most prevalent combination of co-infection was Flu A with EV/HRV. ConclusionThe prevalence of respiratory pathogens among ILI cases from 2023 to 2024 exhibited notable fluctuations compared to that from 2015 to 2019. Therefore, influenza surveillance should be strengthened, and attention should also be paid to the prevalence of respiratory pathogens such as HPIV. These findings have profound implications for future research, surveillance, vaccine planning, and public health policy making.

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common malignancies with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide.With the advances in molecular biology and tumor immunology,molecular-targeted agents represented by tyrosine kinase inhibitors(such as sorafenib and lenvatinib)and immunotherapy represented by PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies have brought hope for patients with advanced HCC.The combination of immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy can further improve the treatment outcome of patients.In addition,the optimization and integration of stereotactic body radiotherapy,local treatment,and systemic treatment may maximize the benefits of patients.In the future,through a deep understanding of the heterogeneity of HCC,the development of precision molecular subtyping and individualized treatment,and the establishment of a multidisciplinary collaborative diagnosis and treatment system,systemic therapy is expected to achieve long-term management of advanced HCC.This article reviews the current status and advances in systemic therapy for advanced HCC.

COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has being spreading around the world, posing a serious threat to human health and lives. Neutralizing antibodies and small molecule inhibitors for virus replication cycle are the main antiviral treatment for novel coronavirus recommended in China. To further promote the rational use of antiviral therapy in clinical practice, the National Center for Infectious Diseases (Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University and the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine) invited experts in fields of infectious diseases, respiratory and intensive care to develop an Expert Consensus on Antiviral Therapy of COVID-19 based on the Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline for COVID-19 ( trial version 10) and experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in China. The consensus is concise, practical and highly operable, hopefully it would improve the understanding of antiviral therapy for clinicians and provide suggestions for standardized medication in treatment of COVID-19.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and needs the help of HBV envelope protein to complete its own assembly and replication and then establish a new infection cycle. Chronic HDV infection is considered the most severe form of viral hepatitis, which can accelerate disease progression and increase the risk of liver cancer. Effective antiviral therapy is urgently needed to delay disease progression in patients with HDV infection, but Bulevirtide conditionally approved by European Medicines Agency in July 2020 and interferon previously recommended are the only drugs used for the treatment of HDV infection. At present, studies are being conducted for several antiviral drugs targeting viral replication cycle, and early clinical trials have obtained good results. This means that important breakthroughs have been made in the development of antiviral drugs, bringing hope for the treatment of hepatitis D. This article summarizes the current antiviral drugs for hepatitis D and discusses related treatment regimens, so as to provide a reference for the treatment of hepatitis D.

Background: and Purpose Most of the knowledge of Mycoplasma pneumonia (M. pneumoniae) encephalitis (MPE) in children is based on case reports or small case series. This study aimed to describe the clinical features and prognostic factors of MPE, and the efficacy of azithromycin with or without immunomodulatory therapy. Methods: The medical data of 87 patients with MPE from 3 medical centers in southwestern China over a 7-year period were reviewed. Results: MPE was found in children of all ages except for neonates. The most common neurological manifestations included consciousness disturbance (90%) and headache (87.4%), the most common extraneurological manifestations included fever (96.5%) and respiratory system involvement (94.3%); multisystem involvement (98.2%) and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) (90.8%) were also prominent. M. pneumoniae was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) less often than in blood and respiratory tract secretions. Azithromycin with intravenous immunoglobulin or/and corticosteroid treatment can shorten the hospitalization duration and the clinical improvement process. Most patients (82.8%) received a favorable prognosis; serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and CSF protein levels were higher in the poor-outcome group than in the good-outcome group (p<0.05). Neurological sequelae are likely to continue when the onset of this condition occurs during teenage years. Conclusions MPE generally presented with nonspecific clinical manifestations. In children with acute encephalitis accompanied by multi-system involvement and prominently elevated CRP, M. pneumoniae should be considered as a possible pathogen. Immunomodulating therapies should be recommended regardless of the duration of the prodromal period. High CSF protein

OBJECTIVE: Identifying novel strategies to prevent particulate matter (PM)-induced lung injury is crucial for the reduction of the morbidity of chronic respiratory diseases. The combined intervention represented by herbal formulae for simultaneously targeting multiple pathological processes can provide a more beneficial effect than the single intervention. The aim of this paper is therefore to design a safe and effective medicinal and edible Chinese herbs (MECHs) formula against PM-induced lung injury. METHODS: PM-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis A549 cell model were used to screen anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic MECHs, respectively. A network pharmacology method was utilized to rationally design a novel herbal formula. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer was utilized to assess the quality control of MECHs formula. The excretion of magnetic iron oxide nanospheres of the MECHs formula was estimated in zebrafish. The MECH formula against PM-induced lung injury was investigated with mice experiments. RESULTS: Five selected herbs were rationally designed to form a new MECH formula, including Citri Exocarpium Rubrum (Juhong), Lablab Semen Album (Baibiandou), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu), Mori Folium (Sangye) and Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma (Yuzhu). The formula effectively promoted the magnetic iron oxide nanospheres excretion in zebrafish. The mid/high dose formula significantly prevented PM-induced lung damage in mice by enhancing the activity of SOD and GSH-Px, reducing the MDA and ROS level and attenuating the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α), down regulating the protein expression of NF-κB, STAT3 and Caspase-3. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the effective MECHs formula will become a novel strategy for preventing PM-induced lung injury and provide a paradigm for the development of functional foods using MECHs.

Clinical trials of anti-tumor drugs is not only the important way to develop new drugs, but also the most advanced treatment methods for malignant tumors, bringing survival benefits to patients. There are a large number of new anti-tumor drug clinical trials for lung cancer patients, covering a wide variety of anti-tumor drugs, and with rapid progress and high efficiency of clinical transformation. These trials could not be carried out successfully without the joint efforts of the research team, in which the research nurses also played a role that should not be underestimated. Combined with the work content of clinical research nurses, this paper introduced the post management, role function, core competence and career development prospect of clinical research nurses in the process of carrying out clinical trial of lung cancer drugs in detail. In order to provide reference for more medical institutions to carry out related work, and promote the further development of clinical research nurses to standardization and specialization.
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Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy*

Objective:To investigate the effects of SuperPATH approach versus conventional posterolateral approach in total hip replacement on inflammatory response, hip function, and quality of life in patients with hip diseases. Methods:The clinical data of 140 patients with hip diseases who underwent total hip replacement in Shanxian Central Hospital from March 2017 to May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into SuperPATH approach ( n = 70) and posterolateral approach ( n = 70) groups. Operation-related indexes, inflammatory response indexes, hip function, quality of life, and pain were compared between the two groups. Results:Intraoperative blood loss was significantly less in the SuperPATH approach group than in the posterolateral approach group [(105.40 ± 15.11) mL vs. (196.89 ± 24.26) mL, t = 26.74, P < 0.001]. Incision length, postoperative time to getting out of bed, length of hospital stay in the SuperPATH approach group were (6.85 ± 1.42) cm, (2.92 ± 0.28) days, and (6.67 ± 1.36) days, respectively, which were significantly shorter than those in the posterolateral approach group [(13.07 ± 1.89) cm, (8.36 ± 1.45) days, (10.91 ± 1.34) days, t = 19.36, 30.82, 18.58, P < 0.001]. Operative time was significantly longer in the SuperPATH approach group than in the posterolateral approach group [(69.38 ± 8.62) minutes vs. (60.45 ± 7.79) minutes, t = 6.43, P < 0.001). The scores of social role functioning, general health perceptions, vitality, mental health, bodily pain, emotional role functioning, physical functioning, and physical functioning measured 6 months after surgery were significantly higher in the SuperPATH approach group than in the posterolateral approach group ( t = 9.12, 11.80, 11.64, 11.69, 6.45, 11.79, 6.04, 10.74, all P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate measured 3 and 14 days after surgery between the two groups (both P > 0.05). Harris score used for evaluation of hip function 1 month after surgery was significantly higher in the SuperPATH approach group than in the posterolateral approach group [(76.42 ± 4.17) points vs. (69.37 ± 5.11) points, t = 8.94, P < 0.001]. The Visual Analog Scale score 3 days after surgery was significantly lower in the SuperPATH approach group than in the posterolateral approach group [(3.18 ± 0.21) points vs. (4.26 ± 0.29) points, t = 25.23, P < 0.001]. Conclusion:Compared with the conventional posterolateral approach, the SuperPATH approach for total hip arthroplasty takes longer operative time, but it can better reduce early postoperative pain, promote hip function recovery, and improve quality of life.

Objective:To explore the correlations of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone ( α-MSH) levels in serum and synovial fluid with progression of primary knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted of the 96 patients who had been diagnosed as primary KOA at Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Huizhou from October 2018 to October 2019. Radiographic severity of KOA was determined by Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grades; α-MSH levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) were also detected. Another 64 patients with patellar dislocation, matched in age and gender, were enrolled as controls. The Numeric Pain Scale (NPS) and revised Oxford Knee Score (OKS) were employed to evaluate their symptomatic severity. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to compare α-MSH, IL-1 β and MMP-3 with regard to their diagnostic values in the K-L grading. Results:There were no statistically significant difference in age, gender and body mass index between the 2 groups, showing they were comparable ( P> 0.05). The α-MSH levels in synovial fluid were significantly lower in the KOA patients than in the controls [(16.9±3.8) pg/mL versus (18.8±2.7) pg/mL] ( P<0.001); there were no significant differences between the KOA patients and the controls in the serum α-MSH levels [(24.9±1.8) pg/mL versus (24.8±1.7) pg/mL] ( P>0.05). The α-MSH levels in synovial fluid were negatively correlated with K-L grades ( r=-0.382, P<0.001) and negatively correlated with NPS ( r=-0.382, P<0.001) but positively correlated with OKS ( r=0.339, P<0.001). Moreover, the α-MSH levels in synovial fluid were negatively correlated with the IL-1 β levels in synovial fluid ( r=-0.483, P<0.001) and with the MMP-3 levels in synovial fluid ( r=-0.336, P< 0.001). Conclusions:The level of serum α-MSH may not be correlated with the progression of KOA but the synovial fluid α-MSH is negatively correlated with the progression of KOA. Therefore, the expression level of α-MSH in joint synovial fluid can be used as a potential biomarker for assessment of severity of knee osteoarthritis.

Objective:Sirtuins family is involved in the regulation of many biological events in the cells of the body. As one of the important members, SIRT1 may participate in the formation and development of colorectal cancer. We detected the expression of SIRT1 in colorectal cancer and adjacent normal mucosa to explore its role and significance in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.Methods:One hundred and twenty surgical specimens of patients from Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University who were hospitalized for colorectal cancer from January 2018 to July 2018 were selected as experimental group. The normal mucosa tissues more than 10 cm away from the tumor focus were taken as the control group. The expression of SIRT1 in colorectal cancer and normal mucosa was detected by immunohistochemistry SP method and Western blot. The different expression of SIRT1 in different organs of digestive tract and parts of human system was compared with Expression Atlas Database. The relationship between SIRT1 expression and clinical pathological data was analyzed to explore the role and significance of SIRT1 in colorectal cancer.Results:SIRT1 protein was mainly expressed in the tumor cell nucleus. The positive staining was brownish yellow, and it was highly expressed in rectal cancer; Sirt1 expression was positively correlated with the depth of tumor invasion, differentiation and tumor size, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05); SIRT1 was highly expressed in human digestive tract, but there was no significant difference in the expression of SIRT1 in various organs of digestive tract; Sirt1 may function through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Conclusions:SIRT1 plays the role of oncogene in the development of colorectal cancer, and increasing expression of SIRT1 promotes the development of colorectal cancer. SIRT1 may be a marker of early diagnosis of colorectal cancer, which is of great significance.