Objective To investigate the improvement effects of homogeneous fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)on chemotherapy-induced diarrhea(CID)in mice.Methods Fifteen C57BL/6N mice were divided into control group,CID model group and CID+FMT group according to the random number distribution and remainder grouping method,with 5 mice per group.Control group received no intervention,and their feces were used to prepare fecal bacteria suspension.CID model group was injected intraperitoneally with fluorouracil(65 mg/kg)for 5 consecutive days to construct the CID mouse model,followed by gavage with 0.1 ml of saline on alternate days.CID+FMT group was given 0.1 ml fecal bacteria suspension gavage on alternate days for one week,followed by intraperitoneal injection of fluorouracil(65 mg/kg)for 5 consecutive days to construct the CID mouse model,with the experiment ending on the 14th day.During the experiment,the mice's food intake and body weight were recorded.At the end of the experiment,the mice were euthanized with deep carbon dioxide anesthesia,and the mice colonic specimens from cecum to anus were collected for hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining and histopathological examination.Fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Shannon index,Simpson index and Chao1 algorithm were used to analyze the α-diversity species of the intestinal flora in each group of mice.Similarity analysis(Anosim)was used to perform non-parametric on the inter-group differences of intestinal flora among the mice.Linear discriminate analysis size effect(LEfSe)and nonmetric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)were employed to analyze the intestinal dominant flora and the similarity classification relationships in each group of mice.Results The colonic specimen's length from cecum to anus in CID model group was significantly shorter than that in control group(P<0.05),while there was no significant difference between CID+FMT group and CID model group(P>0.05).The weight of mice in CID model group decreased by 42.04%,while control group mice gained 10.24%,with a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05).The weight of mice in CID+FMT group decreased by 8.12%,which was significantly improved compared to CID model group(P<0.05).HE staining results revealed the intestinal mucosal structure in CID model group was severely damaged,with atrophy and deformation,accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration,and the pathological score was higher than that of control group(P<0.05).Compared with CID model group,the intestinal mucosal integrity and crypt cells in the CID+FMT group were improved,with less damage,and the pathological score was lower than that of CID model group,but the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The α-diversity analysis showed that there were significant differences in the Shannon,Simpson and Chao1 indices among the three groups(P<0.05).ANOSIM and NMDS analysis revealed that the intestinal flora in CID+FMT group was closer to the normal intestinal flora compared to CID model group.LEfSe analysis showed that the intestinal flora in CID model group was enriched in famliy_Bacteroidaceae,and the intestinal flora in CID+FMT group was similar to that of control group,with an enrichenment of familiy_Enterobacteriaceae.Conclusion Homogeneous FMT can improve the abundance of intestinal flora in CID mice,making it more similar to normal intestinal flora,thereby protecting intestinal mucosa,reducing damage and alleviating the severity of CID.

The mortality of female breast cancer in Shandong Province has increased since the 1970. The differential decomposition analysis found that the slight decline in the crude mortality of breast cancer among women was entirely due to non-demographic factors during the 1970-1990, and the significant increase in the crude mortality was due to a combination of demographic and non-demographic factors since the 1990. The contribution rate of demographic factor has gradually increased from 53.5% in 2004-2005 to 59.5% in 2011-2013, while that of non-demographic factor has decreased from 46.5% to 40.5%. The women aged 45-64 years old were the major population of female breast cancer deaths, accounting for 40%-60% of total breast cancer deaths in different times, and then the mortality in female aged 55-64 years old increased rapidly, with increases of 52.12%, 115.19% and 29.01% in 2011-2013 over the 1970-1974, 1990-1992 and 2004-2005, respectively (Z=-7.342,P<0.001). Compared with 1970-1974, the age-standardized mortality rate of rural women increased by 41.86% in 2011-2013 (Z=-17.933, P<0.001), and that of urban women increased by 18.62% in 2011-2013 (Z=-25.642, P<0.001). The age-standardized mortality rate of breast cancer in urban women was higher than that in rural women in different times (all P<0.05). The spatial scan analysis found that eastern Shandong Province was found to be a sustained high-risk area for death, and other high-risk areas were transferred from north to southwest of Shandong between 1970 and 2013.
Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Rural Population ; Spatial Analysis

Berberine is the main extract of Coptis chinensis, and its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects have been confirmed by modern studies. Ulcerative colitis(UC) is a chronic, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiology. Its causes involve genetics, intestinal microecology and mucosal immune system disorders. In this paper, literatures on relevant pathways and mechanism of berberine on ulcerative colitis in recent years were consulted and summarized to provide me-thods and ideas for developing berberine in the treatment of UC and exploring the mechanisms. The results showed that berberine protects the intestinal mucosal barrier, restores the body's normal immune response, and improves oxidative stress by regulating multiple signaling pathways, such as JAK-STAT, NK-κB, PI3 K-AKT, MAPK, Nrf2, ERS, and MLCK-MLC, so as to treat UC.
Berberine/pharmacology* ; Colitis ; Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics* ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Signal Transduction

Based on the field investigations in 91 investigation sites (counties) in southwest China between 2001 and 2019, the present paper reported the chigger mites on A. agrarius mice in southwest China for the first time by using a series of statistical methods. From 715 striped field mice captured in 28 of 91 investigated sites, only 255 chiggers were collected, and they were identified as 14 species, 6 genera in 3 subfamilies under 2 families. Of 715 A. agrarius mice, only 24 of them were infested with chigger mites with low overall prevalence (PM=3.4%), overall mean abundance (MA=0.36 mites/host) and overall mean intensity (MI=10.63 mites/host). The species diversity and infestation of chiggers on A. agrarius were much lower than those previously reported on some other rodents in southwest China. On a certain species of rodent, A. agrarius mouse in southwest China seems to have a very low susceptibility to chigger infestations than in other geographical regions. Of 14 chigger species, there were 3 dominant species, Leptotrombidium sialkotense, L. rupestre and Schoengastiella novoconfuciana, which were of aggregated distribution among different individuals of A. agrarius hosts. L. sialkotense, one of 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China, was the first dominant on A. agrarius. The species similarity of chigger mites on male and female hosts was low with CSS=0.25, and this reflects the sex-bias of different genders of A. agrarius mice in harboring different chigger species.

ObjectiveTo study the expression of CLAUDIN-11 in the testis tissue of non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients with different severities and investigate its clinical significance.

METHODSSixty-two NOA patients were divided into a hypospermatogenesis (HS) group (n = 30) and a Sertoli cell only syndrome (SCO) group (n =32). The expression of CLAUDIN-11 in the testicular tissue of the patients was detected by immunohistochemistry, that of CLAUDIN-11 mRNA determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the levels of serum reproductive hormones measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay.

RESULTSImmunohistochemistry showed that the expression of CLAUDIN-11 was mainly in the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells around the seminiferous tubule wall in the HS group, but diffusely distributed in the membrane of the Sertoli cells in the SCO group. RT-qPCR revealed a significantly lower expression of CLAUDIN-11 mRNA in the HS than in the SCO group (0.008 ± 0.001 vs 0.013 ± 0.002, t = 10.616, P<0.01). The level of serum luteotropic hormone (LH) was also markedly lower in the HS than in the SCO group (［3.62 ± 1.34］ vs ［4.96 ± 3.10］ IU/L, P<0.05) and so was that of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (［5.36 ± 2.80］ vs ［10.65 ± 9.18］ IU/L, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe up-regulated expression of CLAUDIN-11 in Sertoli cells may play an important role in the development and progression of spermatogenic dysfunction in NOA patients.

Azoospermia ; genetics ; metabolism ; Claudins ; metabolism ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Oligospermia ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Seminiferous Tubules ; metabolism ; Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome ; genetics ; metabolism ; Sertoli Cells ; metabolism ; Spermatogenesis ; Testis ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the high-resolution and color Doppler ultrasonographic (US) characteristics of cervical lymphadenopathy in patients with infectious mononucleosis.

METHODSHigh-resolution and color Doppler US were performed in 30 patients aged 2 to 30 years with a total of 59 palpable enlarged cervical lymph nodes due to infectious mononucleosis. The US characteristics of the nodes including shape,echotexture,hilum,border,matting,cystic necrosis,calcification and vascular pattern were assessed. Three patients received cervical lymph nodes biopsies.

RESULTSThe common US findings of cervical lymphadenopathy due to infectious mononucleosis were round shape (69.5%),bilateral distribution (96.7%),matting (83.3%) [even bilateral matting (66.6%)],indistinct margin (79.7%),absence of hilum (66.1%),heterogeneous echotecture (61.0%),and central hilar vascular pattern(89.8%). In 2 patients with absence of the echoic hilum,lymph nodes biopsies showed histological features including marked effacement of the normal architecture in the medullary region accompanied by a mixed proliferation of lymphocytes and histiocytes. In all infectious mononucleosis nodes with a hilum,85.0% had heterogeneously hypo/iso-echoic hila and indistinct demarcation to the cortex. One of them underwent lymph node biopsy and histological findings showed obvious dilation of the sinus oidal lumen and proliferation of histiocytes.

CONCLUSIONAlthough several ultrasonographic characteristics frequently present in the nodes of infectious mononucleosis are not specific,the combination of ultrasound findings may be valuable in differential diagnosis.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Calcinosis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Infectious Mononucleosis ; Lymphatic Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; Neck ; Ultrasonography ; Young Adult

The aim of this study was to explore the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 in primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) by detecting TLR2 expression in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with ITP and evaluating the role of TLR2 activation on inflammatory cytokine secretion. A total of 39 ITP patients and 21 normal controls were enrolled in this study. The expression of TLR2 was detected by real-time PCR and flow cytometry, and the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α in culture supernatant of PBMNC treated with pam3CSK4 for 48 hours were detected by ELISA. The results showed that the expression of TLR2 mRNA in active ITP patients (3.561 ± 0.741) was significantly higher than that in normal controls (1.750 ± 0.314) (P < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between remission ITP patients (2.333 ± 0.448) and normal controls (P > 0.05) . Flow cytometry analysis found that the TLR2 was not expressed on T and B cells, but expressed on all monocytes both from ITP patients and normal controls. Further activation experiment showed that TLR2 activation in vitro could induce the expression of IL-6 (1644 ± 634.0 vs 4111 ± 525.2 pg/ml) and TNF-α (75.37 ± 22.31 vs 326.0 ± 109.9 pg/ml) in PBMNC from ITP patients (both P < 0.05), but just could promote IL-6 expression in normal controls (2119 ± 636.9 vs 4671 ± 315.9 pg/ml)(P < 0.05). It is concluded that the expression of TLR2 mRNA is up-regulated in PBMNC of ITP patients, and this increased TLR2 maybe participate in ITP through inducing secretion of inflammatory cytokines.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Thrombocytopenia ; immunology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Toll-Like Receptor 2 ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; immunology ; Young Adult

This study aims to investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) on learning and memory abilities and antioxidant capacity of D-galactose-induced aging mice. Kunming mice (37.1 +/- 0.62) g were randomly divided into normal control group, model group and FGF-21 high, medium and low dose groups (n = 8). Each group was injected in cervical part subcutaneously with D-galactose 180 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) once a day for 8 weeks. At the same time, FGF-21-treated mice were administered with FGF-21 by giving subcutaneous injection in cervical part at the daily doses of 5, 2 and 1 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1). The normal control group was given with normal saline by subcutaneous injection in cervical part. At seventh week of the experiment, the learning and memory abilities of mice were determined by water maze and jumping stand tests. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed and the cells damage of hippocampus was observed by HE staining in each group. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the brain of mice were determined. The results showed that different doses of FGF-21 could reduce the time reaching the end (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) and the number of touching blind side (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) in the water maze comparing with the model group. It could also prolong the latency time (P < 0.05) and decrease the number of errors (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) in the step down test. The result of HE staining showed that FGF-21 could significantly reduce brain cell damage in the hippocampus. The ROS and MDA levels of three different doses FGF-21 treatment group reduced significantly than that of the model group [(5.58 +/- 1.07), (7.78 +/- 1.92), (9.03 +/- 1.77) vs (12.75 +/- 2.02) pmol (DCF) x min(-1) x mg(-1), P < 0.01 or P < 0.05], [(2.92 +/- 0.71), (4.21 +/- 0.81), (4.41 +/- 0.97) vs (5.62 +/- 0.63) nmol x mg(-1) (protein), P < 0.01]. Comparing with the model group, the activities of SOD, GPx, CAT and T-AOC of the three different doses FGF-21 treatment groups were also improved in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrates that FGF-21 can ameliorate learning and memory abilities of D-galactose induced aging mice, improve the antioxidant abilities in brain tissue and delay brain aging. This finding provides a theoretical support for clinical application of FGF-21 as a novel therapeutics for preventing aging.
Aging ; drug effects ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Brain ; drug effects ; Catalase ; metabolism ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; pharmacology ; Galactose ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Mice ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Chronic Disease ; epidemiology ; Dyslipidemias ; epidemiology ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Smoking ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo retrospective analysis the complications after treatment of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures with internal fixation, and propose measures to prevent or reduce surgical complications.

METHODSFrom July 2007 to October 2009, 342 patients with metacarpal and phalangeal fractures were treated with internal fixation,including 203 males and 139 females with an average age of 30.4 years old ranging from 18 to 56 years. There were 217 right hands and 125 left hands, 38 cases of the first metacarpal fracture, 47 cases of the second metacarpal fracture, 52 cases of the third metacarpal fracture, 40 cases of the forth metacarpal fracture, 39 cases of the fifth metacarpal fracture, 43 cases of the proximal phalangeal fractures, 52 cases of the middle phalangeal fractures, and 48 case of the distal phalangeal fractures. The fractures were fixed with K-wires in 129 patients, mini plates in 153 cases, screws in 48 cases, wires in 12 cases.

RESULTSAll 324 patients were followed up for 3 to 15 months (averaged 8.5 months) and complications occurred in 74 patients (22.84%). The main complication was unhealthy wound healing in 24 patients (7.4%), others was adhesion of tendon in 54 patients (16.67%), malunion in 34 patients (10.49%), nonunion in 13 patients (4.01%) and shortening of metacarpal and phalangeal in 21 patients (7.41%).

CONCLUSIONThe important reasons responsible for complications are iatrogenic factors such as unsuitable implant selection, unskillful surgical technique and improper post-operative functional rehabilitation.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Finger Phalanges ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; adverse effects ; Fractures, Bone ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Metacarpal Bones ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Recovery of Function ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult