The study aims to investigate the impacts of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) on the replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in BHK-21 cells. Firstly, the effects of FMDV replication on POP expression in BHK-21 cells were analyzed by Western blotting and Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Secondly, a eukaryotic expression plasmid for POP was constructed, and the effects of POP overexpression on the replication of two different serotypes of FMDV were assessed by Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and virus titer assays. Thirdly, specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting POP were synthesized, and their efficiency in interfering with endogenous POP expression was identified by RT-qPCR. The impacts of downregulating endogenous POP expression on FMDV replication were further evaluated by Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and virus titer assays. The results indicated that FMDV infection did not significantly affect POP expression in BHK-21 cells. Overexpression of POP dose-dependently enhanced the replication of both FMDV/O and FMDV/A serotypes. Conversely, siRNA-mediated downregulation of endogenous POP expression markedly suppressed FMDV/O replication. This study is the first to demonstrated that the role of the host POP protein in promoting FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells, thereby providing a critical theoretical foundation and potential molecular targets for developing efficient candidate cell strains for foot-and-mouth disease inactivated vaccines.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics* ; Virus Replication/genetics* ; Prolyl Oligopeptidases ; Serine Endopeptidases/physiology* ; Animals ; Cell Line ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics* ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/virology* ; Cricetinae

Sit-to-stand is an indispensable functional activity in human daily life, which requires high muscle strength, not only to control the lower limbs, but also to ensure the stable ascension of the trunk. This paper describes in detail the trajectory and speed of the joints through the human sit-to-stand test, analyzes the change rule of the angle of the joints, the angular velocity and the position of the center of mass in the human sit-to-stand, and records in detail the change of the plantar pressure of the subjects in this process. Through the study on joint motion and plantar pressure changes in the process of sit-to-stand, this paper summarizes the kinematics of human body in this process, aiming to provide a basis through the results of this paper for the design of human sit-to-stand assistive devices, which may be used in the future to analyze the sit-to-stand state of patients with lower limb disorders, and carry out the corresponding treatment and rehabilitation training.
Humans ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Foot/physiology* ; Pressure ; Standing Position ; Adult ; Posture/physiology* ; Movement/physiology* ; Sitting Position

This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of Pien Tze Huang(PZH) on enterovirus 71(EV71). To be speci-fic, chemiluminescence method was adopted to evaluate the toxicity of PZH to African green monkey kidney(Vero) cells and human rhabdomyosarcoma(RD) cells, and cytopathic effect(CPE) method to assess the inhibition on EV71-GFP reporter virus and EV71 C4 wild-type virus. The results showed that PZH had low cytotoxicity to Vero cells and RD cells, with the half-maximal cytotoxic concentration(CC_(50)) of about 0.691 3-0.879 2 mg·mL~(-1) for the two. In addition, PZH can effectively inhibit the replication of EV71 within the non-cytotoxic concentration range, and dose-dependently alleviate the cytopathic changes caused by virus infection, with the half-maximal effective concentration(EC_(50)) of 0.009 2-0.106 3 mg·mL~(-1). On the basis of the above results, the green fluorescent protein(GFP), indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA), and median tissue culture infective dose(TCID_(50)) were employed to assess and verify the anti-EV71-GFP and anti-EV71 C4 activity of PZH. The results demonstrated that PZH can dose-dependently lower the expression of GFP by EV71-GFP and structural protein VP-1 by EV71 C4 and decrease the production of progeny infectious viruses. The EC_(50) of PZH for EV71-GFP and EV71 C4 was about 0.006 0-0.006 2 mg·mL~(-1) and 0.006 6-0.025 6 mg·mL~(-1), respectively. This study suggested that PZH may exert antiviral activity by acting on EV71 and interfering with the expression of VP-1. At the moment, there is still a lack of specific anti-EV71 drugs. This study proposed a new idea for the symptomatic treatment of EV71 infections such as hand-foot-mouth disease and verified an effective drug for the treatment of EV71 infections.
Animals ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Enterovirus A, Human/physiology* ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; Vero Cells

Diabetic foot wound repair is a challenging issue in clinical practice. Due to the influence of multiple factors including the damage and regeneration failure of local tissue, the impaired pathways of wound repairing through blood vessels and nerve nutrition, and disorders of a variety of cellular factors, traditional treatment methods are often difficult to achieve good therapeutic effects. Stem cells are a type of cells with potentials of multidirectional differentiation, which also possess functions such as regulating immunity and paracrine to facilitate the comprehensive wound repair, so they have promising application prospect at present for the treatment of diabetic foot wounds. Because the relevant parameters of stem cell treatment are in the exploratory phase, there were no standardized data. This paper reviews the application of stem cells in the research of diabetic foot wound treatment over the past 6 years, analyzing and summarizing the contents in focused aspects including the types and sources of stem cells, effects of donor age and gender on stem cells, mode of administration, transplantation survival rate and safety, which may provide a reference for further application of stem cells in the clinical treatment of diabetic foot wound.
Cell Differentiation ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Foot/therapy* ; Humans ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Wound Healing/physiology*

The special nucleic acid fragments, 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which interact with the capsid proteins, were selected as scaffolds to investigate the assembly efficiency of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus-like particles (VLPs). The assembled product was characterized by evaluation of particle size, surface potential, gel retardation assay, nuclease digestion experiments, size-exclusion chromatography, transmission electron microscopy and circular dichroism analysis. The results confirmed that the 5' UTR and IRES of FMDV co-assembled with the FMD VLPs and facilitated the assembly efficiency of FMD-VLPs. It demonstrates that the assembly efficiency of 75S particles of VLPs-5'UTR was significantly higher than those of the VLPs (P<0.001) and VLPs-IRES group (P<0.01). Comparatively the assembly efficiency of 12S particles of VLPs-IRES was significantly higher than those of the VLPs (P<0.000 1) and VLPs-5'UTR (P<0.000 1). It showed that the 5' UTR represented more effective in facilitating the assembly of VLPs. This study proposes an optimized strategy for improving the assembly efficiency of VLPs for the development of VLPs vaccine.
5' Untranslated Regions ; Capsid Proteins/metabolism* ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/physiology* ; Internal Ribosome Entry Sites ; Nucleic Acids/metabolism* ; Virus Assembly

The suitable experimental animal model is important in research of pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of diabetic foot ulcer, and the murine model is the most commonly used one at present. It can be divided into two types: the animal model simulating pathological conditions and the model simulating clinical symptoms. This article reviews the current research progress on the mechanisms of diabetic ulcer pathogenesis, and relevant treatment strategies, including the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression, promotion of angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory therapy.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; therapeutic use ; Diabetic Foot ; etiology ; genetics ; therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Mice ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; physiology

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of intramuscular Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection on gait and dynamic foot pressure distribution in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) with dynamic equinovarus foot. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five legs of 25 children with CP were investigated in this study. BoNT-A was injected into the gastrocnemius (GCM) and tibialis posterior (TP) muscles under the guidance of ultrasonography. The effects of the toxin were clinically assessed using the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) and modified Tardieu scale (MTS), and a computerized gait analysis and dynamic foot pressure measurements using the F-scan system were also performed before injection and at 1 and 4 months after injection. RESULTS: Spasticity of the ankle plantar-flexor in both the MAS and MTS was significantly reduced at both 1 and 4 months after injection. On dynamic foot pressure measurements, the center of pressure index and coronal index, which represent the asymmetrical weight-bearing of the medial and lateral columns of the foot, significantly improved at both 1 and 4 months after injection. The dynamic foot pressure index, total contact area, contact length and hind foot contact width all increased at 1 month after injection, suggesting better heel contact. Ankle kinematic data were significantly improved at both 1 and 4 months after injection, and ankle power generation was significantly increased at 4 months after injection compared to baseline data. CONCLUSION: Using a computerized gait analysis and foot scan, this study revealed significant benefits of BoNT-A injection into the GCM and TP muscles for dynamic equinovarus foot in children with spastic CP.
Adolescent ; Ankle Joint ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Cerebral Palsy/*complications/drug therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Clubfoot/*drug therapy/*etiology/physiopathology ; Female ; Foot ; Gait/*drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Male ; Muscle Spasticity/drug therapy ; Muscle, Skeletal/diagnostic imaging ; Neuromuscular Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Pressure ; Prospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Weight-Bearing

Integrin alphavbeta3 plays a major role in various signaling pathways, cell apoptosis, and tumor angiogenesis. To examine the functions and roles of alphavbeta3 integrin, a stable CHO-677 cell line expressing the murine alphavbeta3 heterodimer (designated as "CHO-677-malphavbeta3" cells) was established using a highly efficient lentiviral-mediated gene transfer technique. Integrin subunits alphav and beta3 were detected at the gene and protein levels by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA), respectively, in the CHO-677-malphavbeta3 cell line at the 20th passage, implying that these genes were successfully introduced into the CHO-677 cells and expressed stably. A plaque-forming assay, 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50), real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and IFA were used to detect the replication levels of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the CHO-677-malphavbeta3 cell line. After infection with FMDV/O/ZK/93, the cell line showed a significant increase in viral RNA and protein compared with CHO-677 cells. These findings suggest that we successfully established a stable alphavbeta3-receptor-expressing cell line with increased susceptibility to FMDV. This cell line will be very useful for further investigation of alphavbeta3 integrin, and as a cell model for FMDV research.
Animals ; Animals, Suckling ; CHO Cells ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cricetulus ; DNA, Complementary/genetics/metabolism ; Disease Susceptibility/virology ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/*genetics/virology ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/*physiology ; Integrin alphaVbeta3/*genetics/metabolism ; Mice

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). belongs to family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus, species A. EV71 infection usually affects subjects aged <5 years. HFMD caused by EV71 infection is usually mild in children. However, in some cases EV71 infection can lead to severe neurogenic disease and even death. EV71 infection has caused epidemic worldwide (especially in the Asia Pacific). HFMD caused by EV71 has become a major public-health prol lem across the Asia Pacific. In EV71 infection, the pathogenesis is determined by viral and host factor, Here, we review research on host susceptibility and how EV71 suppresses immune and intracellular ri
Animals ; Enterovirus A, Human ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; physiology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; virology ; Humans ; Virulence ; Virus Attachment ; Virus Replication

SCARB2 (scavenger receptor class B, member 2) is a lysosomal membrane glucoprotein, which is encoded by SCARB2 gene. It takes vital parts in the physiological and pathological processes including the transportation of beta-glucocerebrosidase to the lysosome, infection of EV71 and load-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. This article has reviewed the molecular structure and functions of SCARB2 gene and its protein, as well as their relationship with diseases.
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; genetics ; Humans ; Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; physiology ; Myoclonic Epilepsies, Progressive ; genetics ; Parkinson Disease ; genetics ; Receptors, Scavenger ; chemistry ; genetics ; physiology