OBJECTIVE

This review article aims to determine the properties, uses, toxicity, and other side effects of crosslinking agents in tissue scaffolds when applied in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

A literature search was performed using the PubMed-NCBI (MEDLINE) database (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/) with keywords: crosslinking reagent, collagen, hydroxyapatite, and bone regeneration. GRADE criteria were used to assess the quality of evidence.

RESULTS

A total of six articles were included in the study. Improved mechanical properties of collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds with high porosity can be achieved by employing crosslinking methods, including physical dehydrothermal (DHT) treatment, chemical treatment with glutaraldehyde (GA), Microbial Transglutaminase (mTGase), 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐ dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC), or a combination of both DHT and EDAC. Furthermore, the crosslinking of EDAC and DHT can lead to forming ester bonds between activated carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups.

CONCLUSION

The combination of DHT and EDAC crosslinking can increase mechanical strength, make the pore size appropriate, make the scaffold more stable, and support cell adhesion so that new cells can grow, and the process of osteogenesis can run more optimally.

Cross-linking Reagents ; Collagen ; Durapatite ; Hydroxyapatite ; Bone Regeneration

Introduction: Alveolar bone defect in dentistry can be caused by injury after tooth extraction, periodontal disease, enucleation of a cyst, and tumor surgery. Scaffold in tissue engineering is an important material that can stimulate osteogenesis process. Lymphocyte cells have a role in promoting and accelerating the proliferation of supporting cells like osteoblast to accelerate the bone regeneration process. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chitosan-collagen chicken shank collagen used as scaffold for bone regeneration through lymphocyte cell proliferation. Method: Twelve Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were prepared as animal models in this study. Bone defects are intentionally made in both the right and left femur bones of the rat. Total samples were 24 divided into four groups: Group 1 as a control Group using 3% CMC-Na, Group 2 using chitosan scaffold only, Group 3 using chitosan chicken shank collagen scaffold (50:50), and Group 4 using chitosan-chicken shank collagen scaffold (80:20). The animals were sacrificed on the 5th day, and histopathological examination was carried out to observe the number of lymphocyte cells. Results: Significant differences between all groups can be showed in the one-way ANOVA test (p value>0.05). The highest lymphocyte cells were found in Group 3 with chitosan-chicken shank collagen scaffold (50:50). Conclusion The chitosan-chicken shank collagen used as scaffold can increase the bone regeneration process through increased lymphocyte cell proliferation.
Chitosan ; Lymphocytes ; Bone Regeneration