The "Top 10 drug tips for the public in 2023" issued by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association emphasizes the importance of drinking water correctly to the safety and efficacy of drugs. Each drug has an optimal amount of drinking water, and only the appropriate amount can ensure the efficacy and avoid adverse reactions. According to UpToDate clinical consultant, Micromedex, MCDEX evidence-based databases and the drug labels of the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency, a total of 164 drugs in 20 categories, including drugs for metabolism and endocrine system, anti-infective drugs, anti-tumor drugs, etc., were labeled with the recommendation of adequate water intake. Here we summarize the above-mentioned drugs and their recommended water intake. The common reasons to drink enough water include preventing esophageal and gastric injury, preventing kidney injury, preventing dehydration, water and electrolyte disorders, preventing constipation, reducing bladder toxicity, reducing radiation damage, and promoting stone discharge. In addition, different people have different requirements for the amount of water when taking medicine. Mastering the correct amount of water is conducive to controlling the disease and reducing the adverse drug events.

The "Top 10 drug tips for the public in 2023" issued by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association emphasizes the importance of drinking water correctly to the safety and efficacy of drugs. Each drug has an optimal amount of drinking water, and only the appropriate amount can ensure the efficacy and avoid adverse reactions. According to UpToDate clinical consultant, Micromedex, MCDEX evidence-based databases and the drug labels of the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency, a total of 164 drugs in 20 categories, including drugs for metabolism and endocrine system, anti-infective drugs, anti-tumor drugs, etc., were labeled with the recommendation of adequate water intake. Here we summarize the above-mentioned drugs and their recommended water intake. The common reasons to drink enough water include preventing esophageal and gastric injury, preventing kidney injury, preventing dehydration, water and electrolyte disorders, preventing constipation, reducing bladder toxicity, reducing radiation damage, and promoting stone discharge. In addition, different people have different requirements for the amount of water when taking medicine. Mastering the correct amount of water is conducive to controlling the disease and reducing the adverse drug events.

Objective: To analyze the characteristic mutations of epitopes in HBV Pre-S/S region in HIV/HBV co-infected patients’ peripheral blood to provide basic data for studying the pathogenesis of HIV/HBV co-infection. Methods: The chronic hepatitis B infected patients admitted to the Infectious Disease Center of the Eighth People′s Hospital of Guangzhou from January 2009 to December 2011 were enrolled into HIV/HBV co-infected group and HBV mono-infected group according to the result of HIV antibody detection respectively before treatment. HBV DNA in serum was extracted and Pre-S/S region of HBV DNA was amplified by nested-PCR. After sequencing of the obtained PCR products (direct sequencing), ContigExpress software was used for sequence splicing and BioEdit software was used for sequence alignment. With reference to the standard sequence of the matched genotype HBV, mutants of HBV Pre-S/S region in HIV/HBV co-infected group and HBV mono-infected group were analyzed respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by chi-square test with SPSS19.0 statistical analysis software. Results: HBV Pre-S/S fragments were successfully amplified from 150 patients, including 90 cases of HIV/HBV co-infected group and 60 cases of HBV mono-infected group, with matched gender, age, genotype, HBeAg status, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The result of analyzing mutants of HBV Pre-S/S region indicated that the incidence of mutation in all epitopes for cytotoxic T cells (CTL cells) was higher in the HIV/HBV co-infected group, and Pre-S2 aa1-15 epitope was significantly higher (χ²=6.964, P=0.008). The incidence of deletions in PreS2 aa1-15 epitope in HIV/HBV co-infected group (11.1%) was higher than HBV mono-infected group (3.3%) (χ²=2.959, P=0.085). In the B cell epitopes, the incidence of mutations in Pre-S2 aa1-26 in the HIV/HBV co-infected group was significantly higher than HBV mono-infected group (χ²=6.924, P=0.010), and there was no statistical significance between two groups in other B cell epitopes. No differences in helper T cell (Th cell) epitopes were found between the two groups. Conclusions Co-infection with HIV increased the CTL cell epitopes’ mutations in the HBV Pre-S/S region, especially the 5′ end epitope mutations in Pre-S2 region, which indicated that HBV mutation is related to the host immune status, and showed guiding information for further study on the pathogenesis of HIV/HBV co-infection

Objective To detect the change of hepatitis C virus (HCV)RNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)and serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC)during treatment with peg-interferon α-2a (Peg IFNα-2a)plus ribavirin (RBV),and to analyze the clinical significance of HCV RNA detection in PBMC.Methods The peripheral blood samples of 20 CHC patients who visited Department of Infectious Diseases in Guangzhou No.8 People′s Hospital from June 2013 to December 2014,were collected during treatment with Peg IFNα-2a+RBV at different time points (week 0,2,4, 12,24,36 and 48).Serum and PBMC were separated.Accurate fluorescence quantification assay (Cobas TaqMan real time polymerase chain reaction[PCR])was used to detect HCV RNA level in serum,while real-time PCR and nest-PCR were applied to detect HCV RNA in PBMC.Categorical data were analyzed byχ2 test.Results Accurate fluorescence quantification of serum HCV RNA showed that HCV RNA level decline rapidly after treatment (F = 148.06,P < 0.01 ),and 18 patients achieved HCV RNA undetectable at week 12 of treatment.The positive rate of nest-PCR was higher than real-time PCR (all P <0.01).Comparison of HCV RNA levels in serum and PBMC from 20 cases found that,the clearance rate of HCV RNA in PBMC was postponed.Two patients whose HCV RNA in PBMC kept detectable relapsed at week 24 after end of treatment.Conclusions HCV RNA can be detected in PBMC of CHC patients and the positive rate of nest-PCR is higher than real-time PCR.Antiviral therapy is effective on HCV both inside and outside PBMC,but the clearance rate of HCV RNA in PBMC is postponed compared with that in serum.Slow clearance of HCV in PBMC may be a risk factor for relapse after end of treatment.

Objective To study the mRNA expression of apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and its regulation by exogenous interferon-α (IFN-α).Methods Twenty-eight CHC patients were recruited as case group and 14 healthy subjects were recruited as control group.APOBEC3G mRNA level (the ratio of APOBEC3G mRNA to housekeep geue 18s rRNA) in PBMC was determined by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR).APOBEC3G mRNA levels were also dynamically measured in CHC patients treated with pegylated interferon (IFN)-α 2a at week 0,2,4,12,24,36 and 48 of treatment,and the plasma levels of IFN-α were simultaneously detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The data were analyzed by t test and analysis of variance using SPSS 11.0 software.Results The level of APOBEC3G mRNA in PBMC of CHC patients before treatment was 1.60× 10-4 ± 1.35 × 10-4,which was significantly lower than healthy controls 6.20 × 10-4 ±1.30 × 10-4 (t=3.147,P=0.003).The expressions of APOBEC3G mRNA were upregulated at week 12,24,36 and 48 of IFN treatment,which were 5.69×10-3±1.61×10-2,1.01×10-2±2.15×10-2,2.01×10-2±3.75×10-2 and 2.45× 10-2 ±4.08× 10-2,respectively,and all higher than that of pretreatment (F=3.46,5.67,10.27 and 25.65,respectively; P=0.042,0.030,0.010 and 0,respectively).IFN-α level in plasma were increased with treatment and reached the plateau at week 2 of the treatment until the end of observation.Conclusion Hepatitis C virus infection may be one of the reasons of APOBEC3G downregulation.

Objective To study the relationship between APOBEC3G mRNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and serum hepatitis C viral RNA level in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Methods TaqMan real-time fluorescence relative quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to quantify APOBEC3G mRNA levels in PBMC from 49 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and 31 healthy subjects. The relationship between APOBEC3G mRNA level and hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral load was analyzed. SPSS11. 0 statistics software was used for t test and regression analysis. Results APOBEC3G mRNA level in CHC patients [(1.5×10-5±1.9×10-5 ) copy/mL] was significantly lower than that [( 5. 2 × 10-5 ± 5. 5 × 10-5 ) copy/mL] in the healthy control subjects (t=-3.005, P＜0.01). While APOBEC3G mRNA level was not related with HCV viral loads (r=-0.082, P＞0.05). Conclusion HCV has an inhibitive effect on APOBEC3G expression, whereas APOBEC3G doesn't affect HCV replication directly in vivo.

Objective To compare the plasma hepatitis C virus(HCV)RNA levels detected by the fully automated viral load detection system(COBAS TaqMan)and the national real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR)kit,and to investigate the clinical application value of these two methods in clinical practice.Methods A total of 168 serial plasma samples collected from 26 patients with chronic hepatitis C(CHC)before and at week 2,4,12,24,36 and 48 of antiviral treatment were detected by both COBAS Taqman 48 analyzing system and the national real-time quantitative PCR kit.The results of two methods were compared by chi square test and t test.Resnlts Both COBAS and national kit showed great positive detecting results when HCV RNA≥1×104IU/mL(at week O),and the virus load value detected by national kit was significantly higher than that detected by COBAS(t=2.05,P<0.05).However,when HCV RNA<1×104(at week 2-48),the positive rate of HCV detected by COBAS was significantly higher than that detected by national kit (t=3.66,P<0.01).At week 4 of treatment,the rapid virological response(RVR)rate was 46.2 % (12/26)detected by COBAS,while that was 88.5%(23/26)detected by national kit,and the difference was significant(x2=10.575,P<0.01).At week 12 of treatment,the complete early virological response(cEVR)was 95.7%(22/23)detected by COBAS,while that was 100%(17/17)detected by national kit,and the difference was not significant(x2=0.726,P>0.05).Conclusions The national TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR kits could be used to screen the suspected cases of HCV infecrion and to diagnose CHC cases with high HCV virus load.COBAS detection is more sensitive in cases with low HCV virus load and in on-treatment monitor during anti-HCV therapy.