ObjectiveTo review the parameters, effects, mechanisms, potential risks and research status of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in intervening motor skills among adults. MethodsA systematic search of Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO and CNKI databases was conducted for studies related to tDCS in intervening motor skills among adults, with publication from inception to October, 2025. Data extraction and scoping review were performed, with literature quality assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. ResultsA total of 38 studies were included, from China, Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Canada, Italy, Spain, Iran and Ireland, involving 1 087 participants. The subjects were adults, including non-athletes and athletes. The outcomes included the performance of opened motor skills and closed motor skills, such as basketball shooting accuracy and golf putting test scores. Anodal tDCS intervention with a stimulation intensity of 1 mA to 2 mA; a stimulation duration of ten to 25 minutes; and an electrode patch of 35 cm² (3.14 cm² to 9 cm² for high-precision tDCS) improved motor skill performance in both athletes and non-athletes. For opened motor skills, tDCS targeting the primary motor cortex was better; for closed motor skills, tDCS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was more effective. ConclusiontDCS may have a certain facilitating effect on the performance of opened and closed motor skills in adults. However, significant heterogeneity exists in the intervention environments, stimulation protocols and experimental designs of existing studies, resulting in ongoing controversy over its efficacy.

Neuroimaging techniques are tools used to investigate and monitor the activity of the nervous system.This study reviews studies that have attempted to quantify athletes'brain using neuroimaging techniques,and summarizes the specific changes in athletes'brain as evidenced by structural magnetic resonance imaging,functional magnetic resonance imaging,functional near-infrared spectroscopy,transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography.Open-skill sports have been found to increase the brain volume and resting-state functional connectivity related to athletes'executive control,somatosensory processing,vision,and balance coordination,whereas closed-skill sports may decrease the brain volume and resting-state functional connectivity related to athletes'episodic memory,emotional processing and executive functions.Brain regions associated with executive functions,body awareness,motor learning,and episodic memory exhibit stronger activation during tasks.Athletes demonstrate higher neural excitability and neural efficiency.The association between sports training and the brain should be explored through multimodal neuroimaging techniques,which will play a significant role in athlete selection,real-time status monitoring and long-term training supervision.

Objective To assess the comprehensive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)on physical fitness in healthy athletes and non-athletes.Methods Two researchers independently retrieved PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Scopus,the Cochrane Library,CNKI,Wanfang,and VIP databases,and collected experimental literature on the effects of tDCS on physical fitness from the database establishment to March 6,2025.Reviewer Manager 5.4 software and Stata 18.0 software were used for Meta-analysis.Results Data from 40 studies involving 778 subjects was included in the Meta-analysis that revealed that tDCS significantly improved the physical fitness of subjects(SMD=0.15).Specifically,anodal tDCS targeting the M1 area(SMD=0.17),at the current of 1.5 mA or 2 mA(SMD=0.64;SMD=0.13),maintained for 20 minutes(SMD=0.19),and with a 35 cm2 electrode patch(SMD=0.31)resulted in significant improvements in maximum strength(SMD=0.32),explosive force(SMD=0.27),muscle endurance(SMD=0.40),cardiopulmonary endurance(SMD=0.51),and static balance(SMD=0.34)in athletes(SMD=0.25)and non-athletes alike(SMD=0.13).However,there was no significant effect on the moving speed and dynamic balance.Conclusion tDCS can effectively improve maximum strength,explosive power,muscle endurance,cardiopulmonary endurance,and static balance in healthy athletes and non-athletes.

Cognitive function enhancement refers to the process of enhancing one or more core component of human brain cognition.Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS),as a non-invasive neuromodulation technique,can regulate brain cortical excitability,synaptic plasticity and brain networks functional connection.tDCS can be used to modulate cognitive function components,such as perception,working memory,attention,motor learning and decision-making.This article reviews the neural and physiological mechanism of tDCS over cerebral cortex modulating neural activity and the research progress in human cognitive performance ofsingle tDCS on perception,working memory,attention,motor learning,decision-making and language of healthy individuals in order to provide reference for researchers.

Objective To explore the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) with differ-ent stimulation models over primary motor cortex(M1) on motor skill acquisition after sports fatigue in basketball players. Methods Twenty-nine basketball players(9 females and 20 males;age:19.79±0.77 year;training experience:3.40±2.16 year) received the concurrent dual-site anodal tDCS over M1,anodal tDCS over left M1(cathodal tDCS over right M1) and sham stimulation session in a coun-terbalanced order,with an interval between two sessions no less than one week. The tDCS lasted 10 min at the intensity of 2 mA,while the sham was only given for the first 30 s. In each session,sports fatigue was induced by the maximal incremental cycling exercise protocol,followed by tDCS. Subsequently,the motor skill acquisition was evaluated using the serial reaction time task(SRTT) and basketball shooting accuracy test. Results In the basketball shooting accuracy test,the shooting accura-cy increased significantly after concurrent dual-site anodal tDCS over M1 compared with sham stimula-tion(P=0.010). For SRTT,the mean errors(block 2,3 and 7) of each block decreased significantly af-ter concurrent dual-site anodal tDCS over M1,in comparison with the sham stimulation(P values<0.05 for all). Conclusion Concurrent dual-site anodal tDCS over M1 can effectively improve motor skill ac-quisition after sports fatigue in basketball players.

Objective To explore the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) with differ-ent stimulation models over primary motor cortex(M1) on motor skill acquisition after sports fatigue in basketball players. Methods Twenty-nine basketball players(9 females and 20 males;age:19.79±0.77 year;training experience:3.40±2.16 year) received the concurrent dual-site anodal tDCS over M1,anodal tDCS over left M1(cathodal tDCS over right M1) and sham stimulation session in a coun-terbalanced order,with an interval between two sessions no less than one week. The tDCS lasted 10 min at the intensity of 2 mA,while the sham was only given for the first 30 s. In each session,sports fatigue was induced by the maximal incremental cycling exercise protocol,followed by tDCS. Subsequently,the motor skill acquisition was evaluated using the serial reaction time task(SRTT) and basketball shooting accuracy test. Results In the basketball shooting accuracy test,the shooting accura-cy increased significantly after concurrent dual-site anodal tDCS over M1 compared with sham stimula-tion(P=0.010). For SRTT,the mean errors(block 2,3 and 7) of each block decreased significantly af-ter concurrent dual-site anodal tDCS over M1,in comparison with the sham stimulation(P values<0.05 for all). Conclusion Concurrent dual-site anodal tDCS over M1 can effectively improve motor skill ac-quisition after sports fatigue in basketball players.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality in patients with candidemia in intensive care unit (ICU). Methods The patients with candidemia admitted to ICU of Peking University People's Hospital from January 2010 to December 2017 were enrolled. The general clinical data, indicators related to Candidia infection and prognosis were collected, and the clinical characteristics, infection characteristics and prognosis of patients with candidiasis were analyzed. Patients were divided into death group and survival group according to hospital survival status. The differences of each index were compared between two groups. The independent risk factors of mortality in patients with candidemia were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 95 patients (55 males) with candidemia were included, with an average age of (69.3±16.5) years, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) was 24.7±3.6, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) was 6.6±2.7. Candida albicans accounted for the largest proportion of Candida infections (n = 56, 58.9%). Thirty-two (33.7%) patients received inadequate antifungal therapy and 38 (40.0%) patients received inadequate source control. Fifty-five (57.9%) patients were died in hospital. Compared with the survival group, patients in the death group was older (years: 72.5±14.6 vs. 64.9±18.0, P < 0.05), had higher APACHEⅡ and SOFA scores (26.6±2.2 vs. 22.1±3.6, 7.9±2.0 vs. 4.7±2.4, both P ﹤ 0.01), higher rate of glucocorticoid treatment (18.2% vs. 10.0%, P < 0.05), and higher proportion of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata (69.1% vs. 45.0%, 10.9% vs. 7.5%, both P < 0.05), the rate of multi-site Candida infection also significantly increased (47.3% vs. 17.5%, P < 0.05). Intra-abdominal infection was the primary infection site and more common in death group (49.1% vs. 35.0%, P < 0.05). The rates of sepsis (87.3% vs. 62.5%), inadequate antifungal therapy (49.1% vs. 10.0%), inadequate source control (60.0% vs. 12.5%) in death group were all higher than those in survival group (all P < 0.01). It was shown by multivariate Logistic regression analysis that APACHE Ⅱ[odds ratio (OR) = 1.605, P = 0.002, β = 0.473], SOFA (OR = 1.501, P = 0.029, β = 0.406), inadequate antifungal therapy (OR = 12.084, P = 0.006, β = 2.492) and inadequate source control (OR = 7.332, P = 0.024, β = 1.992) were independent risk factors for mortality in ICU patients with candidemia. Conclusions Candidemia patients were severe and had poor prognosis. APACHE Ⅱ, SOFA, inadequate antifungal therapy and inadequate source control were independent risk factors of mortality.

One pair of primers were designed and synthesized on the base of the cDNA sequence encoding Schizosaccharomyces pombe N-glycanase reported on the GenBank. The cDNA sequence encoding Peptide N-glycanase was cloned from the Schizosaccharomyces pombe by RT-PCR. And then the RT-PCR product was cloned into the expression vector pET-15b. The expression vector pET-15b(+)/Png1p was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3). The results showed that the relative molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be approximately 39 kD using SDS-PAGE. The expression products after induction and purification can catalyze the cleavage of N-linked oligosaccharides from glycoprotein coped with heat, but have no action on the native glycoprotein with the help of DTT. The percentage of deglycosylated RNase B treated with equate Png1p in different reaction temperature, pH, concentration of DTT and denatured temperature showed that the optimum temperature, the optimum pH is 30 degrees C; the optimum concentration of DTT is 10 mmol/L and the optimum denatured temperature is 100 degrees C.
Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) Asparagine Amidase ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Schizosaccharomyces ; enzymology ; genetics ; Temperature