Objective To explore the effects of chronic stress and stress cessation on hypothalamic appetite regulators in mice,and to explore the stress-dependent mechanism of appetite change.Methods A total of 32 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control(Ctrl)group(n=16)and chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)group(n=16).The mice in the CUMS group were given CUMS to establish the stress model,and those in the Ctrl group were fed normally.The food intake and weight of mice were recorded.The CUMS model was verified through tail suspension experiments and forced swimming experiments.Eight mice in the Ctrl group and 8 mice in the CUMS group were randomly sacrificed at the 12th week.The Ctrl group was re-grouped into the cessation-control(C-Ctrl)group(n=8),the CUMS group was re-grouped into the cessation-stress(C-CUMS)group(n=8),and the mice were sacrificed at the 15th week.The mRNA and protein levels of appetite-regulating factors,including orexin 1 receptor(OX1R),leptin receptor(LEPR)and agouti-related protein(AgRP)in the hypothalamus,were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunochemistry.Results From week 2 to week 11 of stress,the food intake of the mice in the CUMS group was significantly higher than that in the Ctrl group(all P＜0.05),while there was no significant difference in body weight between the 2 groups within 11 weeks(all P＞0.05).Compared with the Ctrl group,the immobility durations of forced swimming and tail suspension of the CUMS group were markedly longer after 11 weeks(both P＜0.01),indicating successful modeling.AgRP and OX1R mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of the CUMS group was significantly increased(both P＜0.01),while LEPR mRNA expression was significantly decreased(P＜0.01);AgRP protein in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the CUMS group was significantly higher than that of the Ctrl group(P＜0.05),and LEPR protein was markedly lower than that of the Ctrl group(P＜0.01).However,after 3 weeks of stress cessation,the C-CUMS group had less food intake and lower body weight than the C-Ctrl group(both P＜0.05).The LEPR mRNA of the C-CUMS group was significantly increased(P＜0.01),while AgRP and OX1R mRNA were not significantly different(both P＞0.05).There was no significant difference in AgRP protein levels between the C-CUMS group and the C-Ctrl group(P＞0.05),while LEPR protein level of the C-CUMS group was significantly higher than that of the C-Ctrl group(P＜0.01).Conclusion CUMS can lead to increased appetite in mice,which may involve the functional regulation of LEPR and AgRP.After the stress cessation,the appetite decreases,which may involve the functional regulation of LEPR.

Objective To investigate the changes in the levels of human blood nutritious metabolites and its major regulating factors after exposure to abnormal acceleration of sea state,and to provide clues for further investigating the mechanism of fatigue due to maritime operations.Methods Using randomly sampling method,60 healthy male adults from one troop were selected as the subjects on April 20,2010.All subjects were exposed to six degrees of freedom motion simulator ship for 15 min.Their blood samples were collected before and after exposure to abnormal acceleration immediately.The metabolomic technology was used to measure the levels of nutritious metabolites in the serum.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or radioimmunoassay was used to measure the levels of glucocorticoids,adrenaline,insulin,glucagon,ghrelin,resistin,leptin,and gastric inhibitory peptide.Results After exposure to abnormal acceleration,the subjects showed significant decreases in the levels of serum essential amino acids,such as L-lysine [(23.63-±8.24)×106 vs (32.83±13.58)×106,P＜ 0.05],L-methionine[(4.16±1.12)×106 vs (5.80±1.69)×106,P＜0.05],and L-tryptophan[(29.38±8.56)×106 vs (35.93±11.82) ×106,P＜0.05],and the levels of some non-essential amino acids,such as L-histidine [(1.69± 0.55)×106vs (2.16±0.92)×106,P＜0.05] and 4-hydroxy-L-proline [(3.21±1.50)×106vs (7.92±4.79)×106,P＜ 0.05].After exposure to abnormal acceleration,the subjects had significant increases in the levels of serum carbohydrate metabolites,such as glucose [(2412.40±700.36) ×106 vs (1939.30±554.33) × 106,P＜0.05] and pyruvic acid [(9.97±5.96)×106 vs (2.43±1.34)×106,P＜0.05],and the levels of fat metabolites,such as β-hydroxybutyric acid [(37.47±60.21)×106 v.s (10.29±20.64)×106,P＜0.05],oleic acid [(31.94±30.39)×106 vs (15.94±10.37)×106,P＜0.05],and linoleic acid [(26.19±19.16)×106vs (13.58±6.29)×106,P＜0.05].After exposure to abnormal acceleration,the subjects had significant increases in the levels of serum glucocorticoids [(743.63±129.06) nmol/L vs (539.66±155.58) nmol/L,P＜0.05],adrenaline [(725.04±367.08) pmol/L vs (482.58±194.97) pmol/L,P＜0.05],glucagon [(5.85±1.57) pmol/L vs (5.18±1.64) pmol/L,P＜0.05],and ghrelin[(62.55±32.34) pmol/L vs (40.47±22.18) pmol/L,P＜0.05],and decreases in the levels of serum insulin [(107.41±21.09) pmol/L vs(150.89±48.65) pmol/L,P＜0.05],gastric inhibitory peptide[(41.05±17.91) pmol/L vs (170.34±82.64) pmol/L,P＜0.05],leptin [(25.62±21.75) nmol/L vs (46.50±27.40) nmol/L,P＜0.05],and resistin [(209.24±107.65) nmol/L vs (535.04±263.13) nmol/L,P＜0.05].Conclusion After exposure to abnormal acceleration of sea state,the levels of serum nutritious metabolites show significant changes and the levels of fatigue-associated products,such as serum pyruvic acid,increase significantly,which may be related to induced stress response and changes in the levels of metabolic regulators.

Objective To investigate the changes in the levels of human blood nutritious metabolites and its major regulating factors after exposure to abnormal acceleration of sea state,and to provide clues for further investigating the mechanism of fatigue due to maritime operations.Methods Using randomly sampling method,60 healthy male adults from one troop were selected as the subjects on April 20,2010.All subjects were exposed to six degrees of freedom motion simulator ship for 15 min.Their blood samples were collected before and after exposure to abnormal acceleration immediately.The metabolomic technology was used to measure the levels of nutritious metabolites in the serum.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or radioimmunoassay was used to measure the levels of glucocorticoids,adrenaline,insulin,glucagon,ghrelin,resistin,leptin,and gastric inhibitory peptide.Results After exposure to abnormal acceleration,the subjects showed significant decreases in the levels of serum essential amino acids,such as L-lysine [(23.63-±8.24)×106 vs (32.83±13.58)×106,P＜ 0.05],L-methionine[(4.16±1.12)×106 vs (5.80±1.69)×106,P＜0.05],and L-tryptophan[(29.38±8.56)×106 vs (35.93±11.82) ×106,P＜0.05],and the levels of some non-essential amino acids,such as L-histidine [(1.69± 0.55)×106vs (2.16±0.92)×106,P＜0.05] and 4-hydroxy-L-proline [(3.21±1.50)×106vs (7.92±4.79)×106,P＜ 0.05].After exposure to abnormal acceleration,the subjects had significant increases in the levels of serum carbohydrate metabolites,such as glucose [(2412.40±700.36) ×106 vs (1939.30±554.33) × 106,P＜0.05] and pyruvic acid [(9.97±5.96)×106 vs (2.43±1.34)×106,P＜0.05],and the levels of fat metabolites,such as β-hydroxybutyric acid [(37.47±60.21)×106 v.s (10.29±20.64)×106,P＜0.05],oleic acid [(31.94±30.39)×106 vs (15.94±10.37)×106,P＜0.05],and linoleic acid [(26.19±19.16)×106vs (13.58±6.29)×106,P＜0.05].After exposure to abnormal acceleration,the subjects had significant increases in the levels of serum glucocorticoids [(743.63±129.06) nmol/L vs (539.66±155.58) nmol/L,P＜0.05],adrenaline [(725.04±367.08) pmol/L vs (482.58±194.97) pmol/L,P＜0.05],glucagon [(5.85±1.57) pmol/L vs (5.18±1.64) pmol/L,P＜0.05],and ghrelin[(62.55±32.34) pmol/L vs (40.47±22.18) pmol/L,P＜0.05],and decreases in the levels of serum insulin [(107.41±21.09) pmol/L vs(150.89±48.65) pmol/L,P＜0.05],gastric inhibitory peptide[(41.05±17.91) pmol/L vs (170.34±82.64) pmol/L,P＜0.05],leptin [(25.62±21.75) nmol/L vs (46.50±27.40) nmol/L,P＜0.05],and resistin [(209.24±107.65) nmol/L vs (535.04±263.13) nmol/L,P＜0.05].Conclusion After exposure to abnormal acceleration of sea state,the levels of serum nutritious metabolites show significant changes and the levels of fatigue-associated products,such as serum pyruvic acid,increase significantly,which may be related to induced stress response and changes in the levels of metabolic regulators.

Objective To analyze and evaluate the fatigue status of the ship crew , as well as the air quality of the ship cab-ins, and to find out influencing factors for the fatigue among the ship crew , so as to provide theoretical evidence and guidance for the maintenance and improvement of the health of the ship crew during prolonged deployment at sea .Methods Investigation and analysis on the fatigue status among the ship crew both before and after deployment were made by using the questionnaire of 《the Subjective Fa-tigue Symptom Checklist》.Air quality of the ship cabins was analyzed by using Gasmet DX 4035 FT-IR multi-component air analyzer and assessed in accordance with Indoor Air Quality Standards .Results (1) One week after deployment , fatigue symptoms in all the shipboard personnel deteriorated significantly , and three fatigue factors including "somatic", "mental"and "neurosensory"factors were all considerably increased .(2) The levels of formaldehyde and SO 2 in some cabins exceeded the permissible limits .Conclusion The fatigue status among the ship crew after deployment at sea obviously deteriorated , as compared with that before deployment .The levels of harmful gases in some cabins exceeded the limits as specified in the standards , which could worsen the fatigue status among the ship crew.

Objective To analyze and evaluate the fatigue status of the ship crew , as well as the air quality of the ship cab-ins, and to find out influencing factors for the fatigue among the ship crew , so as to provide theoretical evidence and guidance for the maintenance and improvement of the health of the ship crew during prolonged deployment at sea .Methods Investigation and analysis on the fatigue status among the ship crew both before and after deployment were made by using the questionnaire of 《the Subjective Fa-tigue Symptom Checklist》.Air quality of the ship cabins was analyzed by using Gasmet DX 4035 FT-IR multi-component air analyzer and assessed in accordance with Indoor Air Quality Standards .Results (1) One week after deployment , fatigue symptoms in all the shipboard personnel deteriorated significantly , and three fatigue factors including "somatic", "mental"and "neurosensory"factors were all considerably increased .(2) The levels of formaldehyde and SO 2 in some cabins exceeded the permissible limits .Conclusion The fatigue status among the ship crew after deployment at sea obviously deteriorated , as compared with that before deployment .The levels of harmful gases in some cabins exceeded the limits as specified in the standards , which could worsen the fatigue status among the ship crew.

Objective Metabolomics and radioimmunoassay technologies were used to analyze the effects of acceleration exposure on the levels of human serum metabolites , stress-related hormones and such gastrointestinal regulatory factors as resistin and leptin , so as to provide new scientific evidence for the mechanism of gastrointestinal symptoms in motion sickness .Methods Sixty volunteers were recruited and exposed to abnormal acceleration for 15 minutes by using a 6-degree-of-freedom ship motion simulator .The severity of motion sickness was measured by Graybiel Scale; gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry ( GC-TOF/MS ) was used to detect serum metabolites in the human subjects; serum glucocorticoid, adrenaline, arginine vasopressin ( AVP ), insulin, resistin and leptin were detected by radioimmunoassay and ELISA .Results ( 1 ) The incidence of motion sickness was 72%.( 2 ) Acceleration exposure could induce significant changes in the levels of serum metabolites in the subjects , of which glucose and N-dodecanoic acid levels were significantly higher than those before exposure , while L-serine and L-threonine levels were significantly decreased after exposure (P<0.05).(3) Acceleration exposure could cause decrease in the level of serum insulin [ (21.03 ±6.78) mIU/L before exposure,(14.97 ±2.94)mIU/L after exposure], and increase in the level of glucagon , glucocorticoid, epinephrine and arginine vasopressin (AVP) [ (18.06 ±5.72)ng/L,(212.88 ±61.37)μg/L,(88.41 ±35.72)ng/L and(10.80 ±7.30)ng/L before exposure;(20.40 ±5.48)ng/L,(293.34 ±50.91)μg/L,(132.83 ±67.25 )ng/L and(51.35 ±8.24)ng/L after exposure] respectively(P<0.05 or P<0.001).(4) Acceleration exposure could also decrease the levels of gastric inhibitory peptide ( GIP), leptin,resistin, but increase the level of ghrelin [ (170.34 ±82.64) nmol/L,(744.03 ±438.46)μg/L,(6687.96 ±3289.18)μg/L and (136.43 ±74.75) ng/L before exposure;(41.05 ±17.91) nmol/L,(409.95 ±347.95)μg/L,(2615.56 ±1345.61)μg/L and (210.85 ±109.01) ng/L after exposure] respectively(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusions Our study indicated that stress could be induced by acceleration exposure , resulting in significant changes in the levels of stress-related hormones and gastrointestinal regulatory factors , as well as serum metabolites .

Objective Metabolomics and radioimmunoassay technologies were used to analyze the effects of acceleration exposure on the levels of human serum metabolites , stress-related hormones and such gastrointestinal regulatory factors as resistin and leptin , so as to provide new scientific evidence for the mechanism of gastrointestinal symptoms in motion sickness .Methods Sixty volunteers were recruited and exposed to abnormal acceleration for 15 minutes by using a 6-degree-of-freedom ship motion simulator .The severity of motion sickness was measured by Graybiel Scale; gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry ( GC-TOF/MS ) was used to detect serum metabolites in the human subjects; serum glucocorticoid, adrenaline, arginine vasopressin ( AVP ), insulin, resistin and leptin were detected by radioimmunoassay and ELISA .Results ( 1 ) The incidence of motion sickness was 72%.( 2 ) Acceleration exposure could induce significant changes in the levels of serum metabolites in the subjects , of which glucose and N-dodecanoic acid levels were significantly higher than those before exposure , while L-serine and L-threonine levels were significantly decreased after exposure (P<0.05).(3) Acceleration exposure could cause decrease in the level of serum insulin [ (21.03 ±6.78) mIU/L before exposure,(14.97 ±2.94)mIU/L after exposure], and increase in the level of glucagon , glucocorticoid, epinephrine and arginine vasopressin (AVP) [ (18.06 ±5.72)ng/L,(212.88 ±61.37)μg/L,(88.41 ±35.72)ng/L and(10.80 ±7.30)ng/L before exposure;(20.40 ±5.48)ng/L,(293.34 ±50.91)μg/L,(132.83 ±67.25 )ng/L and(51.35 ±8.24)ng/L after exposure] respectively(P<0.05 or P<0.001).(4) Acceleration exposure could also decrease the levels of gastric inhibitory peptide ( GIP), leptin,resistin, but increase the level of ghrelin [ (170.34 ±82.64) nmol/L,(744.03 ±438.46)μg/L,(6687.96 ±3289.18)μg/L and (136.43 ±74.75) ng/L before exposure;(41.05 ±17.91) nmol/L,(409.95 ±347.95)μg/L,(2615.56 ±1345.61)μg/L and (210.85 ±109.01) ng/L after exposure] respectively(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusions Our study indicated that stress could be induced by acceleration exposure , resulting in significant changes in the levels of stress-related hormones and gastrointestinal regulatory factors , as well as serum metabolites .

Objective To find out the relationship between the fatigue level,environment and mental status by exploring the differences in field army soldiers,naval shipboard personnel and cadets,so as to provide scientific evidences for:the promotion of health of the 3 military populations; the development of practical recommendations and countermeasures in the medical support for the 3 military populations; improvemcnt of their life quality; and most importantly their utter devotion to national defense.Methods Questionnaires were conducted among the 3 military populations (field army soldiers,naval shipboard personnel and cadets) by using "the Fatigue Symptoms Questionnaire" (FSQ),"the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire" (SCSQ) and " the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire" (ATQ).The data acquired were analyzed by SPSS21 software package.Results The rank of order for the seriousness of fatigue was:first the soldiers,second the naval shipboard personnel and last the cadets.From the standpoint of physical factor,soldiers showed the highest level of fatigue,followed by naval shipboard personnel and cadets.From the aspect of mental factor,shipboard personnel displayed the highest level of fatigue,followed by soldiers and cadets.In terms of sensory nerve fatigue,the rank of order for the seriousness of fatigue was:first the soldiers,second the shipboard personnel and last the cadets.For positive coping style,the rank of order from the highest to the lowest were:cadets,shipboard personnel and soldiers.The rank of order for negative coping style from the highest to the lowest was:soldiers,cadets and shipboard personnel.Conclusions The seriousness of fatigue in 3 military populations was significantly different,which might be correlated with their coping styles.

Objective To find out the relationship between the fatigue level,environment and mental status by exploring the differences in field army soldiers,naval shipboard personnel and cadets,so as to provide scientific evidences for:the promotion of health of the 3 military populations; the development of practical recommendations and countermeasures in the medical support for the 3 military populations; improvemcnt of their life quality; and most importantly their utter devotion to national defense.Methods Questionnaires were conducted among the 3 military populations (field army soldiers,naval shipboard personnel and cadets) by using "the Fatigue Symptoms Questionnaire" (FSQ),"the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire" (SCSQ) and " the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire" (ATQ).The data acquired were analyzed by SPSS21 software package.Results The rank of order for the seriousness of fatigue was:first the soldiers,second the naval shipboard personnel and last the cadets.From the standpoint of physical factor,soldiers showed the highest level of fatigue,followed by naval shipboard personnel and cadets.From the aspect of mental factor,shipboard personnel displayed the highest level of fatigue,followed by soldiers and cadets.In terms of sensory nerve fatigue,the rank of order for the seriousness of fatigue was:first the soldiers,second the shipboard personnel and last the cadets.For positive coping style,the rank of order from the highest to the lowest were:cadets,shipboard personnel and soldiers.The rank of order for negative coping style from the highest to the lowest was:soldiers,cadets and shipboard personnel.Conclusions The seriousness of fatigue in 3 military populations was significantly different,which might be correlated with their coping styles.

Objective: To investigate the relationships between constitutional types of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and motion sickness. Methods: A survey of TCM constitutions in ocean sailors participating in a voyage was performed by using the TCM Constitution Questionnaire developed by Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, while the survey of motion sickness was operated by Graybiel's diagnostic criteria. The incidences of motion sickness among sailors with different types of constitutions were compared. Results: Prior to the voyage, 50.3% of sailors exhibited a gentleness constitution, 14.5% were of dampness-heat constitution, 10.3% were of qi-stagnation constitution, whereas the percentages of qi-deficiency, yang-deficiency, yin-deficiency, blood-stasis and special diathesis constitutions were 6.2%, 7.6%, 6.2%, 4.1% and 0.7%, respectively. None exhibited a phlegm-dampness constitution. By the end of the 176-day voyage, the percentages of gentleness, dampness-heat, qi-depression, qi-deficiency, yang-deficiency, yin-deficiency, blood-stasis, special diathesis and phlegm-dampness constitutions were 33.8%, 13.8%, 13.1%, 11.0%, 6.9%, 9.7%, 4.1%, 0.7% and 6.9%, respectively. The incidence of motion sickness was 69.7% (101 sailors) during this voyage. The incidences of motion sickness among sailors with different types of constitutions before the voyage showed significant difference (P<0.001). The incidence of motion sickness was higher in the sailors with dampness-heat constitution than in those with gentleness constitution. Conclusion: Types of Chinese medical constitution can be related to susceptibility to motion sickness. Furthermore, ocean voyage may have an effect or influence on the type of Chinese medical constitution of sailors involved.