Objective: To analyze the trends in incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into the prevention and control of prostate cancer. Methods: Data of the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2023 were collected through Ningbo Chronic Disease Collaborative Management System. The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer were calculated and standardized by the data from the sixth national population census in 2010 and the Segi's world standard population in 1960. The trends in incidence and mortality of prostate cancer were evaluated using average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: A total of 15 411 cases of prostate cancer were reported in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2023, and the crude incidence, Chinese-standardized incidence and world-standardized incidence were 39.62/105, 22.18/105 and 16.49/105, respectively, showing upward trends (AAPC=14.782%, 10.390% and 10.608%, all P<0.05). The Chinese-standardized incidence of prostate cancer was higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and both showed upward trends (25.14/105 vs. 19.44/105; AAPC=9.057% and 14.272%, both P<0.05). The crude incidence of prostate cancer in the groups aged 50-<60 years, 60-<70 years, 70-<80 years and ≥80 years showed upward trends (AAPC=11.657%, 14.031%, 10.734% and 5.300%, all P<0.05). A total of 3 739 deaths were reported, and the crude mortality, Chinese-standardized mortality and world-standardized mortality were 9.66/105, 5.23/105 and 3.71/105, respectively, showing upward trends (AAPC=8.458%, 3.620% and 3.602%, all P<0.05). The Chinese-standardized mortality of prostate cancer was higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and both showed upward trends (5.35/105 vs. 5.13/105; AAPC=3.183% and 3.962%, both P<0.05). The crude mortality of prostate cancer the groups ageds ≥80 years showed an upward trend (AAPC=7.482%, P<0.05). Conclusions From 2011 to 2023, the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in Ningbo City showed upward trends. Special attention should be paid to urban residents, and prostate cancer screening should be strengthened among males aged 50 years and older.

Objective To explore the technical process and clinical application of laparoscopic combined upper midline incision minimally invasive liver transplantation. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 cases of laparoscopic combined upper midline incision minimally invasive liver transplantation. The cases were divided into cirrhosis group (15 cases) and liver failure group (15 cases) based on the primary disease. The surgical and postoperative conditions of the two groups were compared. Results All patients successfully underwent laparoscopic "clockwise" liver resection, with no cases of passive conversion to open surgery or intolerance to pneumoperitoneum. In 6 cases, the right lobe was relatively large, and the right hepatic ligaments could not be completely mobilized. One case required an additional reverse "L" incision during open surgery. All patients successfully completed the liver transplantation, with no major intraoperative bleeding, cardiovascular events, or other occurrences in the 30 patients. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score in the cirrhosis group was lower than that in the liver failure group (P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, surgical time, blood loss, anhepatic phase, or cold ischemia time (all P>0.05). During the perioperative period, there was 1 case of hepatic artery embolism, 1 case of portal vein anastomotic stenosis, no complications of hepatic vein and inferior vena cava, and 3 cases of biliary anastomotic stenosis, all of which occurred in the liver failure group. Conclusions In strictly selected cases, the minimally invasive liver transplantation technique combining laparoscopic hepatectomy with upper midline incision for graft implantation has the advantages of smaller incisions, less bleeding, relatively easier operation, and faster postoperative recovery, which is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

The Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Qinbaohong Zhike Oral Liquid in Treatment of Acute Bronchitis and Acute Attack of Chronic Bronchitis （GS/CACM 337-2023） was released by the China Association of Chinese Medicine on December 13^th， 2023. This expert consensus was developed by experts in methodology， pharmacy， and Chinese medicine in strict accordance with the development requirements of the China Association of Chinese Medicine （CACM） and based on the latest medical evidence and the clinical medication experience of well-known experts in the fields of respiratory medicine （pulmonary diseases） and pediatrics. This expert consensus defines the application of Qinbaohong Zhike oral liquid in the treatment of cough and excessive sputum caused by phlegm-heat obstructing lung， acute bronchitis， and acute attack of chronic bronchitis from the aspects of applicable populations， efficacy evaluation， usage， dosage， drug combination， and safety. It is expected to guide the rational drug use in medical and health institutions， give full play to the unique value of Qinbaohong Zhike oral liquid， and vigorously promote the inheritance and innovation of Chinese patent medicines.

Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor vaccine therapy, oncolytic virotherapy, and adoptive cell therapy, has made remarkably breakthroughs in the field of oncology. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, which block programmed death receptor 1 or programmed death ligand 1, have been included in the first-line clinical treatment for advanced solid tumors, such as non-small cell lung cancer and malignant melanoma. However, primary or secondary drug resistance in tumors severely limits the survival benefits for patients. Immune-related adverse reactions, such as pneumonia, hypothyroidism, hypophysitis, and myocarditis, also greatly affect the quality of life of patients. Fuzheng Jiedu Huayu is an important concept guiding the prevention and treatment of tumors with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is also a curative principle and therapeutic TCM method to reduce the toxicity and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. This article summarizes the research progress of immunotherapy and discusses how TCM reduces the toxicity and enhances the efficacy of immunotherapy, hoping to provide a reference for the integrated treatment of tumors with TCM and immunotherapy.

Objective To investigate serum β2-MG, sCHE, and PSGL-1 expression in patients with esophageal cancer and their relationship to lung infection after mediastinoscopy. Methods A total of 118 patients with esophageal cancer were selected and divided into infected and uninfected groups according to whether they developed lung infection after surgery. An automatic microbiological identification system was used to detect the pathogenic bacteria of lung infection. ELISA was used to detect the levels of β2-MG, sCHE, and PSGL-1. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of postoperative lung infection in patients with esophageal cancer. ROC curves were plotted to analyze the assessment value of serum β2-MG, sCHE, and PSGL-1 on postoperative lung infection. Results Fifty-two strains of bacteria were isolated from the sputum of 38 patients with postoperative lung infections, and these included 35 (67.31%) Gram-negative, 14 (26.92%) Gram-positive, and 3 (5.77%) fungal strains. The difference in long-term smoking history between the infected and uninfected groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Serum β2-MG and PSGL-1 levels were significantly higher and sCHE levels were significantly lower in the infected group than in the uninfected group (P<0.05). Serum β2-MG and PSGL-1 levels were sequentially higher (P<0.05) and sCHE levels were sequentially lower (P<0.05) in the mild, moderate, and severe lung infection groups. Long-term smoking history, β2-MG, and PSGL-1 were risk factors affecting postoperative lung infection in patients with esophageal cancer (P<0.05), and sCHE was a protective factor (P<0.05). The AUCs of serum β2-MG, sCHE, and PSGL-1 for assessing postoperative lung infections were 0.807, 0.845, and 0.800, respectively, and the AUC of the three combined factors for assessing postoperative lung infections was 0.954, which was superior to that assessed individually (Z_{combination vs. β2-MG}=2.576, Z_{combination vs. sCHE}=2.623, Z_{combination vs. PSGL-1}=2.574, all P<0.05). Conclusion The serum levels of β2-MG and PSGL-1 increase and the sCHE level decreases in patients with esophageal cancer and postoperative pulmonary infection, which are also related with lung infection. Combined testing can improve the evaluation value of postoperative pulmonary infection in patients.

Objective To investigate the impact of dietary protein intake on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adult residents, and to provide a reference for formulating diabetes prevention and control measures. Methods The research was based on cross-sectional survey data from the Nutrition and Health Follow-up Study of Chinese Residents in Chongqing (2021). Energy and nutrient intake was calculated in combination with the Chinese food composition table. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between dietary protein and diabetes, and then restricted cubic spline regression (RCS) was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between dietary protein intake and the development of diabetes. Results Among the 1 415 adult residents, dietary intake of total protein, animal protein, and plant protein was 69.69g/d, 26.26g/d, and 43.43g/d, respectively. The ratio of protein to energy supply was 14.31%, and the prevalence of diabetes was 18.02%. Comparing with the residents in the first percentile of total dietary protein intake, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of those in the second and third percentile were 1.754 and 2.453 respectively. Comparing the residents in the third percentile with those in the first percentile, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of diabetes were 1.592 for protein energy supply ratio, and 1.558 for animal protein intake. Conclusion High protein intake, high protein energy supply ratio and high animal protein intake may increase the risk of diabetes, and different types of protein may have different effects on diabetes.

ObjectiveTo investigate the possible mechanism of Wenyang Shengji Ointment （温阳生肌膏， WSO） in the treatment of diabetic wounds with yin syndrome. MethodsA total of 24 SD rats were randomly divided into a group （n=6） and modeling group （n=18）. The modeling group rats were fed with high-fat diet for 14 days and then were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin to induce diabetic model. After steroid injection， full-thickness skin defects were created on the back of the rats to establish a diabetic wound with yin syndrome model. The normal group was fed with regular diet， and full-thickness skin defects were created surgically on the back of the rats. The 18 successfully modeled rats were further divided into three groups， the model group， the WSO group， and the Beifuxin （Recombinant Bovine Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Gel， BX） group， 6 rats in each group. The WSO group was given the ointment to the wound， the Beifuxin group was givne BX gel， and the normal group and model group was disinfected and treated with saline. All groups had their dressings changed once daily for 14 days. Wound healing was recorded on days 0， 3， 7， and 14， and the wound healing rate was calculated on day 3， 7， and 14. On day 14 after treatment， HE staining was performed to observe the pathological morphology of the wound tissue. Western Blot was used to detect the relative protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha （HIF-1α） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）. Immunofluorescence was used to measure the fluorescence intensity of HIF-1α in the wound tissue， and ELISA was used to detect the methylglyoxal （MGO） content in the wound tissue. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed poor wound healing on day 3， 7， and 14， with a low wound healing rate （P＜0.01）. HE staining showed scab coverage on the wound， with inflammatory cell infiltration and disorganized collagen arrangement. The relative protein levels of VEGF were significantly reduced， while the relative protein levels of HIF-1α and the MGO content significantly increased （P＜0.01）， and the fluorescence intensity of HIF-1α was enhanced. Compared to the model group， the WSO group and Beifuxin group showed better wound healing on day 3， 7， and 14， with an increased wound healing rate （P＜0.01）. The wound tissue showed clear and complete epithelial structure， reduced inflammatory cells， mature granulation tissue， and organized collagen arrangement. MGO content was significantly reduced （P＜0.01）. The relative protein levels of HIF-1α and VEGF both significantly increased in the WSO group， while only VEGF increased in the Beifuxin group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the Beifuxin group， the WSO group had a thicker epidermal layer， prominent collagen formation， significantly increased HIF-1α fluorescence expression， reduced MGO content in the wound tissue， and higher relative protein levels of HIF-1α （P＜0.05）. ConclusionWSO can reduce the accumulation of MGO in diabetic wound tissue with yin syndrome and activate the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway， which could be one of the mechanisms for promoting wound healing.

Radiopharmaceuticals play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， malignant tumors， central nervous system diseases， and other diseases. Under the urgent need for clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as medical development， the clinical research of radiopharmaceuticals has become a hotspot in international research. By analyzing the current situation of clinical research on radiopharmaceuticals in Europe， America， and China， the ethical issues of clinical research on radiopharmaceuticals were elaborated from four aspects， including lack of relevant laws and regulations， a higher risk of radiopharmaceuticals， dilemmas in ethical review， and insufficient radiation protection. Response principles and measures were proposed from four aspects， including improving regulations and policies， enhancing radiological protection for all parties involved in the research， strengthening ethical review， and reinforcing the training of relevant personnel， to enhance the quality and level of clinical research on radiopharmaceuticals.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. As the incidence of AD continues to rise annually, researchers have shown keen interest in the active components found in natural plants and their neuroprotective effects against AD. Quercetin, a flavonol widely present in fruits and vegetables, has multiple biological effects including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD, and the antioxidant properties of quercetin are essential for its neuroprotective function. Quercetin can modulate multiple signaling pathways related to AD, such as Nrf2-ARE, JNK, p38 MAPK, PON2, PI3K/Akt, and PKC, all of which are closely related to oxidative stress. Furthermore, quercetin is capable of inhibiting the aggregation of β‑amyloid protein (Aβ) and the phosphorylation of tau protein, as well as the activity of β‑secretase 1 and acetylcholinesterase, thus slowing down the progression of the disease.The review also provides insights into the pharmacokinetic properties of quercetin, including its absorption, metabolism, and excretion, as well as its bioavailability challenges and clinical applications. To improve the bioavailability and enhance the targeting of quercetin, the potential of quercetin nanomedicine delivery systems in the treatment of AD is also discussed. In summary, the multifaceted mechanisms of quercetin against AD provide a new perspective for drug development. However, translating these findings into clinical practice requires overcoming current limitations and ongoing research. In this way, its therapeutic potential in the treatment of AD can be fully utilized.

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Sanchong tongluo sanjie formula on the proliferation and apoptosis of Lewis lung cancer cells. METHODS The rats were given Sanchong tongluo sanjie formula powder [0.946 g/（kg·d）]， Sanchong tongluo sanjie formula decoction [2.730 g/（kg·d）]， and normal saline intragastrically， and injected with Cisplatin injection （4.2 mg/kg） intra-peritoneally to prepare powder-containing serum， decoction-containing serum， positive control serum and negative control serum. Lewis lung cancer cells were divided into negative control serum group， positive control serum group， and 5%， 10%， 20% drug-containing serum groups. The cell proliferation inhibition rates at 24， 48， and 72 hours post- intervention were measured to screen the optimal intervention concentrations of powder-containing serum and decoction-containing serum. The cell invasion ability， metastasis ability and apoptotic rate were detected in the negative control serum group， positive control serum group， 20% powder-containing serum group， and 20% decoction-containing serum group. Protein expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）， hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）， prolyl hydroxylase-2 （PHD2）， matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2）， extracellular regulated protein kinases （ERK），c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK） and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK） were detected. RESULTS The cell proliferation inhibition rates for both the 20% powder-containing serum group and the 20% decoction-containing serum group， when intervened for 48 hours， were not less than 50%. Compared with negative control serum group， the number of invasive Lewis lung cancer cells and migration distance were decreased significantly， while the apoptotic rate was increased significantly （P＜0.05）； the apoptotic rate in the 20% powder- containing serum group was significantly higher than 20% decoction-containing serum group （P＜0.05）. The protein expressions of PHD2 and p38 MAPK were increased significantly in the 20% powder-containing serum group （P＜0.05）， while the protein expression of HIF-1α was decreased significantly in the 20% decoction-containing serum group （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Sanchong tongluo sanjie formula can inhibit the proliferation， invasion and metastasis of Lewis lung cancer cells while promoting their apoptosis. The mechanism of action may be related to regulating the PHD2/HIF-1α signaling pathway. Furthermore， the powder demonstrates superior efficacy compared to the decoction， suggesting that they may possess different mechanisms of action.