The chemical composition of Paeoniae Radix Alba(PRA) is complex, with primary secondary metabolites including monoterpenoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and flavonoids. In previous studies on the material basis of PRA, it was found that, in addition to the widely studied characteristic monoterpene glycosides, tannic acid components also play an important role in the efficacy of PRA. However, their pharmacological effects have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper reviews the tannic acid components in PRA, including pentagaloyl glucose(PGG), tetragaloyl glucose(TGG), trigaloyl glucose(TriGG), and gallic acid, along with their structures, properties, and characteristics to provide a detailed discussion of their pharmacological activities and related mechanisms, aiming to offer a theoretical basis for the material basis research and clinical application of PRA.
Paeonia/chemistry* ; Tannins/chemistry* ; Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Animals ; Plant Extracts

ObjectiveThe rapid advancement of bioanalytical technologies has heightened the demand for high-throughput, label-free, and real-time cellular analysis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) operating in the GHz frequency range (GHz-EIS) has emerged as a promising tool for characterizing cell suspensions due to its ability to rapidly and non-invasively capture the dielectric properties of cells and their microenvironment. Although GHz-EIS enables rapid and label-free detection of cell suspensions, significant challenges remain in interpreting GHz impedance data for complex samples, limiting the broader application of this technique in cellular research. To address these challenges, this study presents a novel method that integrates GHz-EIS with deep learning algorithms, aiming to improve the precision of cell suspension concentration identification and quantification. This method provides a more efficient and accurate solution for the analysis of GHz impedance data. MethodsThe proposed method comprises two key components: dielectric property dataset construction and backpropagation (BP) neural network modeling. Yeast cell suspensions at varying concentrations were prepared and separately introduced into a coaxial sensor for impedance measurement. The dielectric properties of these suspensions were extracted using a GHz-EIS dielectric property extraction method applied to the measured impedance data. A dielectric properties dataset incorporating concentration labels was subsequently established and divided into training and testing subsets. A BP neural network model employing specific activation functions (ReLU and Leaky ReLU) was then designed. The model was trained and tested using the constructed dataset, and optimal model parameters were obtained through this process. This BP neural network enables automated extraction and analytical processing of dielectric properties, facilitating precise recognition of cell suspension concentrations through data-driven training. ResultsThrough comparative analysis with conventional centrifugal methods, the recognized concentration values of cell suspensions showed high consistency, with relative errors consistently below 5%. Notably, high-concentration samples exhibited even smaller deviations, further validating the precision and reliability of the proposed methodology. To benchmark the recognition performance against different algorithms, two typical approaches—support vector machines (SVM) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN)—were selected for comparison. The proposed method demonstrated superior performance in quantifying cell concentrations. Specifically, the BP neural network achieved a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.06% and an R² value of 0.997 across the entire concentration range, demonstrating both high predictive accuracy and excellent model fit. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the proposed method enables accurate and rapid determination of unknown sample concentrations. By combining GHz-EIS with BP neural network algorithms, efficient identification of cell concentrations is achieved, laying the foundation for the development of a convenient online cell analysis platform and showing significant application prospects. Compared to typical recognition approaches, the proposed method exhibits superior capabilities in recognizing cell suspension concentrations. Furthermore, this methodology not only accelerates research in cell biology and precision medicine but also paves the way for future EIS biosensors capable of intelligent, adaptive analysis in dynamic biological research.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics and cytokines expression characteristics in infants with mild and severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.Methods:From May 2023 to December 2023, plasma samples and clinical information were collected from 16 infants with RSV infection and 14 control infants. Cytek Aurora flow cytometry (Cytek, America) and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the expression levels of 25 cytokines after mild and severe RSV infection.Results:Cough and nasal obstruction were the main clinical manifestations in infants with mild RSV infection, accompanied by polypnea, wheezing and other symptoms. The main symptoms of severe RSV infection were cough and rales, accompanied by fever and polypnea. In comparison with the control group, the expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, IL-22, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-β, MIP-1β, I-TAC, ENA-78, GROα, Eotaxin, and MCP-1 in the RSV infection group all exhibited an upregulation trend. Both IP-10 and MIP-3α demonstrated a downward trend in the RSV infection group; however, there was no statistically significant difference ( P>0.05). The levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, MIP-1α, and IL-8 in the RSV infection group were significantly higher than those in the control group, whereas the levels of MIG, TARC, and RANTES in the RSV infection group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.05). The levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-22, IFN-β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-8, I-TAC, MIP-1β, Eotaxin, and MCP-1 in the mild RSV infection group were significantly higher than those in the severe RSV infection group ( P>0.05). Among these, the levels of MIG, RANTES, TARC, MIP-3α, and ENA-78 in the mild infection group were all lower than those in the severe infection group. The expressions of ENA-78 and MIP-1α in the severe infection group were significantly higher than those in the mild infection group and also higher than those in the control group. There was no significant difference in IP-10 and GROα between the mild and severe RSV infection groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The differences in clinical features and cytokines between infants with mild and severe RSV infection provide important data support for the prevention and treatment of RSV infection in infants.

Objective To investigate the regulatory pathway of lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease(PD)at animal level.Methods Zebrafish PD model was established by exposure to 200 μmol/L 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP).Zebrafish embryo in 48 h after fertilisation were grouped into a control group(n=100),a MPTP group(n=100),and a MPTP+Nomi group(1.5 μg/ml nomifensine,n=100).Behavioral analysis was performed on zebrafish in 5 d after fertilization for movement ability,rate and distance.The expression of α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase in the zebrafish brain was detected by immu-nofluorescence assay to evaluate the activity of dopaminergic neurons(DA).The levels of iron,glutathione(GSH)and lipid peroxidation,which includes catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),lipid peroxide(LPO),malondialdehyde(MDA)and reactive oxygen species(ROS),were measured to verify whether iron deposition may cause damage to DA through the metabolic regulation mechanism of lipid peroxidation in iron death.Results Compared with the control group,the movement rate and distance were significantly reduced in the MPTP group(P＜0.01),while Nomi treatment obviously increased the movement rate and distance when compared with the MPTP group(P＜0.01).The MPTP group exhibited obvious DA damage in comparison with the control group,and Nomi treatment reversed the damage caused by MPTP.There was no sta-tistical difference in the CAT level in the three group(P＞0.05).The MPTP group had signifi-cantly increased levels of iron,LPO and MDA and decreased levels of GSH and GPX4 when com-pared with the control group(838.18±143.42 vs 478.53±112.58,P＜0.05;1.71±0.11 vs 1.48±0.14,P＜0.05;4.50±0.64 vs 4.23±0.13,P＜0.05;38.93±1.72 vs 45.97±2.32,P＜0.05;0.17±0.03 vs 0.39±0.04,P＜0.05).The MPTP+Nomi group had significantly increased levels of GSH and GPX4 and decreased levels of iron and LPO when compared with the MPTP group(40.79±1.02 vs 38.93±1.72,P＜0.05;0.26±0.05 vs 0.17±0.03,P＜0.05;326.75±110.95 vs 838.18±143.42,P＜0.05;1.01±0.27 vs 1.71±0.11,P＜0.05).The results of the ROS flow cytometry analysis showed that the percentages of ROS positive cells in the control group,MPTP group,and Nomi group were as follows:Histogram:31.6％,46.2％and 31.3％,Scatter plot:62.4％,73.0％and 65.7％,respectively.Conclusion Ferroptosis is found in PD zebrafish induced by MPTP exposure.Our study has clarified at animal level that the damage of DA caused by iron deposition is related to the metabolic mechanism of lipid peroxidation caused by iron death.

Objective To investigate the regulatory pathway of lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease(PD)at animal level.Methods Zebrafish PD model was established by exposure to 200 μmol/L 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP).Zebrafish embryo in 48 h after fertilisation were grouped into a control group(n=100),a MPTP group(n=100),and a MPTP+Nomi group(1.5 μg/ml nomifensine,n=100).Behavioral analysis was performed on zebrafish in 5 d after fertilization for movement ability,rate and distance.The expression of α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase in the zebrafish brain was detected by immu-nofluorescence assay to evaluate the activity of dopaminergic neurons(DA).The levels of iron,glutathione(GSH)and lipid peroxidation,which includes catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),lipid peroxide(LPO),malondialdehyde(MDA)and reactive oxygen species(ROS),were measured to verify whether iron deposition may cause damage to DA through the metabolic regulation mechanism of lipid peroxidation in iron death.Results Compared with the control group,the movement rate and distance were significantly reduced in the MPTP group(P＜0.01),while Nomi treatment obviously increased the movement rate and distance when compared with the MPTP group(P＜0.01).The MPTP group exhibited obvious DA damage in comparison with the control group,and Nomi treatment reversed the damage caused by MPTP.There was no sta-tistical difference in the CAT level in the three group(P＞0.05).The MPTP group had signifi-cantly increased levels of iron,LPO and MDA and decreased levels of GSH and GPX4 when com-pared with the control group(838.18±143.42 vs 478.53±112.58,P＜0.05;1.71±0.11 vs 1.48±0.14,P＜0.05;4.50±0.64 vs 4.23±0.13,P＜0.05;38.93±1.72 vs 45.97±2.32,P＜0.05;0.17±0.03 vs 0.39±0.04,P＜0.05).The MPTP+Nomi group had significantly increased levels of GSH and GPX4 and decreased levels of iron and LPO when compared with the MPTP group(40.79±1.02 vs 38.93±1.72,P＜0.05;0.26±0.05 vs 0.17±0.03,P＜0.05;326.75±110.95 vs 838.18±143.42,P＜0.05;1.01±0.27 vs 1.71±0.11,P＜0.05).The results of the ROS flow cytometry analysis showed that the percentages of ROS positive cells in the control group,MPTP group,and Nomi group were as follows:Histogram:31.6％,46.2％and 31.3％,Scatter plot:62.4％,73.0％and 65.7％,respectively.Conclusion Ferroptosis is found in PD zebrafish induced by MPTP exposure.Our study has clarified at animal level that the damage of DA caused by iron deposition is related to the metabolic mechanism of lipid peroxidation caused by iron death.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics and cytokines expression characteristics in infants with mild and severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.Methods:From May 2023 to December 2023, plasma samples and clinical information were collected from 16 infants with RSV infection and 14 control infants. Cytek Aurora flow cytometry (Cytek, America) and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the expression levels of 25 cytokines after mild and severe RSV infection.Results:Cough and nasal obstruction were the main clinical manifestations in infants with mild RSV infection, accompanied by polypnea, wheezing and other symptoms. The main symptoms of severe RSV infection were cough and rales, accompanied by fever and polypnea. In comparison with the control group, the expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, IL-22, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-β, MIP-1β, I-TAC, ENA-78, GROα, Eotaxin, and MCP-1 in the RSV infection group all exhibited an upregulation trend. Both IP-10 and MIP-3α demonstrated a downward trend in the RSV infection group; however, there was no statistically significant difference ( P>0.05). The levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, MIP-1α, and IL-8 in the RSV infection group were significantly higher than those in the control group, whereas the levels of MIG, TARC, and RANTES in the RSV infection group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.05). The levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-22, IFN-β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-8, I-TAC, MIP-1β, Eotaxin, and MCP-1 in the mild RSV infection group were significantly higher than those in the severe RSV infection group ( P>0.05). Among these, the levels of MIG, RANTES, TARC, MIP-3α, and ENA-78 in the mild infection group were all lower than those in the severe infection group. The expressions of ENA-78 and MIP-1α in the severe infection group were significantly higher than those in the mild infection group and also higher than those in the control group. There was no significant difference in IP-10 and GROα between the mild and severe RSV infection groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The differences in clinical features and cytokines between infants with mild and severe RSV infection provide important data support for the prevention and treatment of RSV infection in infants.

Qualitative analysis of the ingredients absorbed into blood and their metabolites of Xihuang pill (XHP) were conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology. Network pharmacology was used to explore the potential anticancer mechanisms of the ingredients against glioma, and their specific mechanisms were validated through molecular docking and experimental verification. SD rats were intragastrically administered with XHP, and rat serum samples were collected. Ingredients absorbed into blood and their metabolites were identified based on the retention time of chromatographic peaks, accurate molecular mass, characteristic fragment ions, and comparisons with reference substances and literature data. PharmMapper and SwissTarget Prediction databases were used to obtain the targets of the XHP-medicated serum, while GeneCards, OMIM, PharmGKB, TTD, and DrugBank databases were used to obtain glioma disease targets. The "component-target" network relationship diagram was constructed using Cytoscape 3.9.1 software. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network diagram was constructed using the STRING database, and the targets were analyzed using GO and KEGG analyses. Molecular docking was used to verify the binding ability of core targets with their corresponding compounds in XHP-medicated serum. The potential mechanism of the anti-glioma effect of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA), a representative component of XHP-medicated serum, was verified using CCK-8 and Western blot assays. A total of 40 compounds were identified in the XHP-medicated serum, including 28 prototype components and 12 metabolites. The network pharmacology results showed that elemonic acid, 3-acetyl-β-boswellic acid, KBA, α-boswellic acid, and other 5 compounds might be the active ingredients of XHP-medicated serum in the treatment of glioma. Glutathione reductase (GSR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 (AKR1B1) and glutaredoxin (GLRX) were identified as key targets, involving pathways such as glutathione metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway. Further cell experiments showed that KBA significantly inhibited the proliferation of T98G cells with an IC₅₀ of 30.96 μmol·L^-1, and KBA (30 μmol·L^-1) significantly downregulated the protein expression levels of GSR in T98G cells. In summary, XHP-medicated serum may exert its anti-glioma effect by regulating GSR and G6PD-targeted pathways involved in glutathione metabolism. These results provide valuable evidence for further investigating the mechanism of XHP in treating glioma. The animal welfare and experimental procedures were approved by the Ethical Committee of Laboratory Animals at Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (approval No. ACU221001).

Objective:To establish the animal model of cervicofacial venous malformations(VMs)by surgical reconstruction of exter-nal jugular vein in sheep.Methods:The external jugular veins of 5 sheep were dissected,and the position,course,branch and exter-nal diameter were observed and measured.The models of VMs with draining and returning veins were constructed by suturing or constric-ting the proximal part of main trunk and ligating or constricting the distal part of the jugular or branch veins.The animal model was eval-uated by Doppler ultrasound,gross observation and histological observation at the 4th week after surgery.Results:The external jugular veins of sheep is in the lateral side of bilateral neck,and the main trunk is formed by the maxillary vein and lingual facial vein.The ex-ternal diameter ranges from 6 to 12 mm,with an average external diameter of 9.3 mm.Immediately after the external jugular vein was sutured and narrowed at the proximal part of the main vein,the distal part of the vein branch was ligated or narrowed,the blood flow speed slowed down and the veins in the model area bulged.4 weeks after surgery,gross observation showed that most veins narrowed and thrombosis was formed in part of the venous lumen.The central region of some specimens was dilated,and the peripheral collateral veins were dilated in some models.Doppler ultrasonography showed that the lumens of most veins were dilated and the returning veins and the inflow veins were narrowed.Colored blood flow was seen in the lumen.Histological observation showed that the structure of vein endothelium and wall was close to the normal vein,and the vein vessel wall of some specimens was thickened.Conclusion:The VMs model estab-lished by external jugular vein of sheep basically meets the re-quirements and is expected to be used in the therapeutic meth-odology research of cervicofacial VMs.

Background: Genetic defects in the human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) gene can cause congenital hypothyroidism (CH). However, the biological functions and comprehensive genotype–phenotype relationships for most TSHR variants associated with CH remain unexplored. We aimed to identify TSHR variants in Chinese patients with CH, analyze the functions of the variants, and explore the relationships between TSHR genotypes and clinical phenotypes. Methods: In total, 367 patients with CH were recruited for TSHR variant screening using whole-exome sequencing. The effects of the variants were evaluated by in-silico programs such as SIFT and polyphen2. Furthermore, these variants were transfected into 293T cells to detect their Gs/cyclic AMP and Gq/11 signaling activity. Results: Among the 367 patients with CH, 17 TSHR variants, including three novel variants, were identified in 45 patients, and 18 patients carried biallelic TSHR variants. In vitro experiments showed that 10 variants were associated with Gs/cyclic AMP and Gq/11 signaling pathway impairment to varying degrees. Patients with TSHR biallelic variants had lower serum TSH levels and higher free triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels at diagnosis than those with DUOX2 biallelic variants. Conclusions We found a high frequency of TSHR variants in Chinese patients with CH (12.3%), and 4.9% of cases were caused by TSHR biallelic variants. Ten variants were identified as loss-of-function variants. The data suggest that the clinical phenotype of CH patients caused by TSHR biallelic variants is relatively mild. Our study expands the TSHR variant spectrum and provides further evidence for the elucidation of the genetic etiology of CH.