Tumor drug resistance is an important problem in the failure of chemotherapy and targeted drug therapy, which is a complex process involving chromatin remodeling. SWI/SNF is one of the most studied ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes in tumorigenesis, which plays an important role in the coordination of chromatin structural stability, gene expression, and post-translation modification. However, its mechanism in tumor drug resistance has not been systematically combed. SWI/SNF can be divided into 3 types according to its subunit composition: BAF, PBAF, and ncBAF. These 3 subtypes all contain two mutually exclusive ATPase catalytic subunits (SMARCA2 or SMARCA4), core subunits (SMARCC1 and SMARCD1), and regulatory subunits (ARID1A, PBRM1, and ACTB, etc.), which can control gene expression by regulating chromatin structure. The change of SWI/SNF complex subunits is one of the important factors of tumor drug resistance and progress. SMARCA4 and ARID1A are the most widely studied subunits in tumor drug resistance. Low expression of SMARCA4 can lead to the deletion of the transcription inhibitor of the BCL2L1 gene in mantle cell lymphoma, which will result in transcription up-regulation and significant resistance to the combination therapy of ibrutinib and venetoclax. Low expression of SMARCA4 and high expression of SMARCA2 can activate the FGFR1-pERK1/2 signaling pathway in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma cells, which induces the overexpression of anti-apoptosis gene BCL2 and results in carboplatin resistance. SMARCA4 deletion can up-regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by activating YAP1 gene expression in triple-negative breast cancer. It can also reduce the expression of Ca²⁺ channel IP3R3 in ovarian and lung cancer, resulting in the transfer of Ca²⁺ needed to induce apoptosis from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria damage. Thus, these two tumors are resistant to cisplatin. It has been found that verteporfin can overcome the drug resistance induced by SMARCA4 deletion. However, this inhibitor has not been applied in clinical practice. Therefore, it is a promising research direction to develop SWI/SNF ATPase targeted drugs with high oral bioavailability to treat patients with tumor resistance induced by low expression or deletion of SMARCA4. ARID1A deletion can activate the expression of ANXA1 protein in HER2+ breast cancer cells or down-regulate the expression of progesterone receptor B protein in endometrial cancer cells. The drug resistance of these two tumor cells to trastuzumab or progesterone is induced by activating AKT pathway. ARID1A deletion in ovarian cancer can increase the expression of MRP2 protein and make it resistant to carboplatin and paclitaxel. ARID1A deletion also can up-regulate the phosphorylation levels of EGFR, ErbB2, and RAF1 oncogene proteins.The ErbB and VEGF pathway are activated and EMT is increased. As a result, lung adenocarcinoma is resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Although great progress has been made in the research on the mechanism of SWI/SNF complex inducing tumor drug resistance, most of the research is still at the protein level. It is necessary to comprehensively and deeply explore the detailed mechanism of drug resistance from gene, transcription, protein, and metabolite levels by using multi-omics techniques, which can provide sufficient theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of poor tumor prognosis caused by mutation or abnormal expression of SWI/SNF subunits in clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases in Liuzhou City, and to provide reference for formulating the prevention and control measures of foodborne diseases. Methods The surveillance data of foodborne diseases in 25 sentinel hospitals in Liuzhou City from 2018 to 2020 were collected for statistical analysis. Results From 2018 to 2020, a total of 9 317 cases of foodborne diseases were reported in Liuzhou City, and 2 158 samples were collected for pathogen detection. A total of 311 cases were detected positive , with a detection rate of 14.41%. Norovirus had the highest detection rate (8.63%), followed by Salmonella (4.08%) and Escherichia coli (3.10%). July to October was a period of high incidence of foodborne disease（ 41.17%）. The proportion of patients aged 60 and over was the highest (18.49%), followed by the age group of 30-39 (18.03%). Suspicious foods were mainly meat and meat products (22.35%) and aquatic animals and their products (13.89%). The suspicious eating places were mainly families (40.43%) and restaurants (13.63%). Conclusion The high incidence of foodborne diseases in Liuzhou occurs in summer and autumn. The main pathogens are Salmonella and norovirus. Infected patients are concentrated in the age group of 60 years and above and the age group of 30 to 39 years old. The family is the main place of foodborne disease, followed by the restaurants and hotels. Suspicious foods include mainly meat and meat products and aquatic animals and their products. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring ability and food safety education to reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the effect of Huanglian Jiedutang on brain iron metabolism disorders， myelin damage， and aggressive behavior in vascular dementia （VaD） mice by regulating the F-box leucine-rich repeat protein 5 （FBXL5）/iron regulatory protein 2 （IRP2） pathway. MethodSixty C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups： sham operation group， model group， risperidone group （2 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）， and low-dose， medium-dose， and high-dose groups of Huanglian Jiedutang （0.25， 0.5， 1 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， with 10 mice in each group. The VaD model was established by bilateral carotid artery stenosis （BCAS）. Drug intervention was administered for two weeks starting from the seventh week. Behavioral assessments， including the touch escape and resident-intruder tests， were conducted in the ninth week. After the behavioral tests， ventromedial hypothalamus ventrolateral （VMHvl） tissue samples were collected. Western blot was used to detect the expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein （MAG）， myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein （MOG）， myelin basic protein （MBP）， 4-hydroxynonenal （4-HNE）， glutathione peroxidase 4 （GPX4）， transferrin receptor 1 （TFR1）， ferritin light chain （Ft-L）， ferroportin 1 （FPN1）， FBXL5， and IRP2. Immunofluorescence was used to measure MBP fluorescence intensity. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe ultrastructural changes in the myelin sheath. Perl's staining was used to detect tissue iron deposition. Malondialdehyde （MDA） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. ResultCompared to the sham operation group， the model group exhibited a significant increase in biting， aggression， and irritability scores， along with a reduced latency of the attack （P<0.01）. The expression levels of MAG， MOG， and MBP， as well as the fluorescent density of MBP， were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Disordered myelin ultrastructure， increased Ft-L and TFR1 expression， decreased FPN1 expression， and elevated iron deposition were observed （P<0.01）. Antioxidants GPX4 and SOD were reduced， while 4-HNE and lipid peroxidation product MDA were increased （P<0.01）. FBXL5 protein expression decreased， and IRP2 protein expression increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， in the middle-dose and high-dose groups of Huanglian Jiedutang and the risperidone group， the number of bites， aggressive behaviors， and irritability scores were reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the latency of the attack increased （P<0.01）. In the middle-dose and high-dose groups of Huanglian Jiedutang， the expression levels of MAG， MOG， and MBP， as well as MBP immunofluorescence increased （P<0.01）. The ultrastructure was orderly arranged. Ft-L and TFR1 expression decreased； FPN1 expression increased， and iron deposition was reduced （P<0.01）. GPX4 and SOD expression levels increased， and 4-HNE and MDA expression levels decreased （P<0.01）. FBXL5 protein expression increased， and IRP2 protein expression decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionHuanglian Jiedutang may alleviate brain iron metabolism disorders， myelin damage， and aggressive behavior in VaD mice by regulating FBXL5/IRP2 expression in the VMHvl region.

Objective To investigate the infection status and changing trend of hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection in hospitalized patients in medical institutions,and provide reference for formulating HCV infection prevention and control strategies.Methods HCV infection surveillance results from cross-sectional survey data reported to China Healthcare-associated Infection(HAI)Surveillance System in 2020 were summarized and analyzed,HCV positive was serum anti-HCV positive or HCV RNA positive,survey result was compared with the survey results from 2003.Results In 2020,1 071 368 inpatients in 1 573 hospitals were surveyed,738 535 of whom underwent HCV test,4 014 patients were infected with HCV,with a detection rate of 68.93％and a HCV positive rate of 0.54％.The positive rate of HCV in male and female patients were 0.60％and 0.48％,respectively,with a statistically sig-nificant difference(x2=47.18,P＜0.001).The HCV positive rate in the 50-＜60 age group was the highest(0.76％),followed by the 40-＜50 age group(0.71％).Difference among all age groups was statistically signifi-cant(x2=696.74,P＜0.001).In 2003,91 113 inpatients were surveyed.35 145 of whom underwent HCV test,resulting in a detection rate of 38.57％;775 patients were infected with HCV,with a positive rate of 2.21％.In 2020,HCV positive rates in hospitals of different scales were 0.46％-0.63％,with the highest in hospital with bed numbers ranging 600-899.Patients'HCV positive rates in hospitals of different scales was statistically signifi-cant(X2=35.34,P＜0.001).In 2020,12 provinces/municipalities had over 10 000 patients underwent HCV-rela-ted test,and HCV positive rates ranged 0.19％-0.81％,with the highest rate from Hainan Province.HCV posi-tive rates in different departments were 0.06％-0.82％,with the lowest positive rate in the department of pedia-trics and the highest in the department of internal medicine.In 2003 and 2020,HCV positive rates in the depart-ment of infectious diseases were the highest,being 7.95％and 3.48％,respectively.Followed by departments of orthopedics(7.72％),gastroenterology(3.77％),nephrology(3.57％)and general intensive care unit(ICU,3.10％)in 2003,as well as departments of gastroenterology(1.35％),nephrology(1.18％),endocrinology(0.91％),and general intensive care unit(ICU,0.79％)in 2020.Conclusion Compared with 2003,HCV positive rate decreased significantly in 2020.HCV infected patients were mainly from the department of infectious diseases,followed by departments of gastroenterology,nephrology and general ICU.HCV infection positive rate varies with gender,age,and region.

Objective To explore the feasibility of quantitative EEG parameters for prognostic prediction of patients with severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(SaSAH)90 d after the onset of the disease.Methods Patients with SaSAH admitted to the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit(NSICU)of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from September 2022 to September 2023 were prospectively consecutively enrolled,and baseline data were collected,including age,gender,medical history(hypertension,diabetes mellitus,coronary artery disease,and stroke),history of smoking,history of drinking,location of aneurysm(anterior circulation,posterior circulation),surgical modality(craniotomy,interventional surgery,hybrid surgery),Hunt-Hess classification,Glasgow coma scale(GCS)score,acute physiology and chronic health status scoring system Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)score,subarachnoid hemorrhage early brain edema score(SEBES),first randomized blood glucose level after admission to NSICU,lactate level,and duration of NSICU stay.Quantitative EEG monitoring was performed in all patients within 48 h after admission to the NSICU,and amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram(aEEG)upper and lower boundaries,95％spectral edge frequency(SEF95),α change,(δ+θ)to(α+β)power ratio(DTABR),brain symmetry index(BSI),and spectral entropy were collected.Based on modified Rankin scale(mRS)scores 90 d after onset,patients were categorized into good prognosis(mRS score 2 points)and poor prognosis(mRS score 3-6 points)groups.Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the correlation between quantitative EEG parameters and mRS scores in SaSAH patients.Multifactorial Logistic regression analysis was used to screen for correlates of poor prognosis,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were plotted to evaluate the efficacy of each index in predicting patients'poor prognosis.Results(1)A total of 72 patients with SaSAH were included,with 47 in the poor prognosis group and 25 in the good prognosis group,and the poor prognosis rate at 90 d after the onset was 65.3％.There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of gender,age,hypertension,diabetes mellitus,coronary artery disease,history of stroke,history of smoking,history of drinking,location of aneurysm,surgical modality,lactate level,and length of hospitalization in the NSICU(all P＞0.05);the differences between the Hunt-Hess grading,SEBES,and random blood glucose were statistically significant upon comparison(all P＜0.05).Compared with the good prognosis group,the changes of aEEG upper and lower boundary,SEF95,α change and spectral entropy were lower in the poor prognosis group,but DTABR and BSI were higher(all P＜0.05).(2)Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the upper border of aEEG(r=-0.41,P＜0.01),lower border of aEEG(r=-0.54,P＜0.01),SEF95(r=-0.46,P＜0.01),α change(r=-0.53,P＜0.01)and spectral entropy(r=-0.39,P＜0.01)were negatively correlated with the mRS scores of SaSAH patients,and DTABR(r=0.52,P＜0.01)and BSI(r=0.33,P＜0.01)were positively correlated with poor prognosis of SaSAH patients.(3)The results of multifactorial Logistic regression analysis showed that Hunt-Hess grading(level Ⅳ vs.Ⅲ:OR,1.203,95％CI 1.005-1.441,P=0.044;level V vs.Ⅲ:OR,1.661,95％CI 1.109-2.487,P=0.014),SEBES(OR,1.647,95％CI 1.050-2.586;P=0.030),aEEG lower border(OR,0.687,95％CI 0.496-0.953l;P=0.024),SEF95(OR,0.436,95％CI0.202-0.937;P=0.034),α change(OR,0.368,95％CI0.189-0.717;P=0.003),DTABR(OR,1.324,95％CI 1.064-1.649;P=0.012),and BSI(OR,1.513,95％CI 1.026-2.231;P=0.036)were influencing factors of poor prognosis in SaSAH patients.ROC curve analysis showed that all of the above seven indicators had a certain predictive value for poor prognosis in SaSAH patients,among which the area under the curve of DTABR was the highest as 0.862(95％CI 0.761-0.932),with sensitivity 85.11％and specificity 80.00％.Conclusion Quantitative EEG parameters aEEG lower border,SEF95,α change,DTABR,and BSI may have certain predictive value for the short-term prognosis of SaSAH patients,which needs to be further confirmed in future multi-center large-sample studies.

Objective To study the bioequivalence of test and reference olmesartan tablet in Chinese healthy subjects after single dose under fasting and fed conditions.Methods A single-center,random,open,single-dose,two-preparations,double-period,crossover study was adopted.A total of 48 healthy adult male and female subjects(24 cases of fasting test and 24 cases of fed test)were included in the random crossover administration.Single oral dose 20 mg of test and reference were taken under fasting and postprandial conditions,respectively.Plasma concentration of olmesartan in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.The main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by Phoenix WinNonlin 8.0 software.Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the test and reference preparations of olmesartan tablets in the fasting group were as follows:Cmax were(653.06±133.53)and(617.37±151.16)ng·mL-1,AUC0-t were(4 201.18±1 035.21)and(4 087.38±889.99)ng·mL-1·h,AUC0-∞ were(4 254.30±1 058.90)and(4 135.69±905.29)ng·mL-1·h.The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the test and reference preparations of olmesartan tablets in the postprandial group were as follows:Cmax were(574.78±177.05)and(579.98±107.74)ng·mL-1,AUC0-t were(3 288.37±866.06)and(3 181.51±801.06)ng·mL-1·h,AUC0-∞ were(3 326.11±874.26)and(3 242.01±823.09)ng·mL-1·h.Under fasting and postprandial conditions,the 90％confidence intervals of the main pharmacokinetic parameters of the test and reference preparations are both 80.00％-125.00％.Conclusion Under fasting and postprandial conditions,a single oral dose of test and reference preparations olmesartan tablets in Chinese healthy adult volunteers showed bioequivalence.

Objective To evaluate the performance of the disposable medical protective clothing in blocking the penetration of infectious agents,in order to provide data support for the setting of such performance indexes when the GB 19082 is revised.Methods Totally 10 batches of different brands and models of protective clothing were selected,and tests were carried out for penetration resistance to synthetic blood,phage,wet microorganisms,dry microorganisms and contaminated liquid aerosol and particle filtration efficiency according to YY/T 0700-2008,YY/T 0689-2008,YY/T 0506.6-2009,GB 19082-2009,YY/T 0506.5-2009 and YY/T 1799-2020.Results There were 2 batches of protective clothing with anti-synthetic blood penetration performance level 2,3,4,5 and 6,respectively;all the protective clothing had the highest level 6 for anti-wet microorganisms penetration,part of whom had the levels for the resistance to phage penetration lower than those for preventing anti-synthetic blood penetration;all of the protective clothing had the particle filtration efficiencies higher than 95％,and had the highest level 3 for anti-dry microorganisms penetration;there're 5 batches of protective clothing with the highest level 3 for contaminated liquid aerosol penetration,1 batch with level 2 and the remained 4 batches with undetermined levels,which all had an average logarithmic reduction higher than 4.5 after penetration.Conclusion Particle filtration efficiency and resistance to phage penetration may be involved in the requirements for resistance to infective agent penetration in revised GB 19082 for evaluating the ability of protective clothing materials to block microorganisms in airborne particles and liquid contaminants.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(5):16-21]

Objective To explore medium and long term efficacy of oblique lateral interbody fusion(OLIF)in treating lumbar specific infection.Methods From October 2017 to January 2021,24 patients with lumbar specific infection were treated by OLIF combined with vertebral screw internal fixation,including 15 males and 9 females,aged from 27 to 61 years old with an average of(43.0±15.0)years old;the courses of disease ranged from 6 to 24 months with an average of(14.0±7.0)months;7 patients with L2-L3,12 patients with L3-L4 and 5 patients with L4-L5;19 patients with tuberculosis infection and 5 patients with brucella infection.The amount of intraoperative blood loss,operative time and complications were recorded,and erythro-cyte sedimentation rate(ESR),C-reactive protein(CRP),visual analogue scale(VAS),Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA)score and American Spinal Injury Association(ASIA)rating were compared before and one month after opertaion.Re-sults All patients were followed up from 9 to 24 months with an average of(13.0±6.0)months.Operative time was(132.5±21.4)min,and intraoperative blood loss was(227.3±43.1)ml.ESR and CRP were decreased from(82.34±18.62)mmol·h-1 and(53.08±21.84)mg·L-1 before operation to(33.52±17.31)mmol·h-1 and(15.48±8.36)mg·L-1 at one month after opera-tion,respectively(P＜0.05).VAS was decreased from(7.52±1.36)before opertaion to(1.74±0.87)at one month after opera-tion(P＜0.05).JOA was increased from(17.86±3.95)before operation to(24.72±3.19)at one month after operation(P＜0.05).Four patients had neurological symptoms before operation,and were classified to grade D according to ASIA classifica-tion,who were recovered to grade E at 1 month after operation.One patient was suffered from psoas major muscle injury after operation,and returned to normal at 3 weeks.One patient was suffered from abdominal distension and difficulty in defecation,and relieved after gastrointestinal decompression and enema.No complications such as abdominal organ injury and poor wound healing occurred in all patients.Conclusion OLIF combined with vertebral screw internal fixation is a new minimally invasive surgical method for the treatment of lumbar specific infection,especially the lesion located on the middle lumbar vertebra.It has advantages of less trauma,short operation time,less blood loss,convenient operation,complete removal of the lesion,safety and effectiveness,and has good medium-and long-term efficacy for lumbar specific infection.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of overexpressing 70-kD heat shock pro-teins(Hsp70)on glycolysis in C2C12 cells during myogenesis and adipogenesis.Using C2C12 cells as the research material,adenovirus was used to overexpress the Hsp70 gene,and changes in the expression of glycolytic genes were detected using fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blotting techniques.The study indicated that during C2C12 cell myogenic differentiation,the expression trend of the Hsp70 gene was consistent with that of Gsk3β,Pkm,Prkag3,Pfkm,and Hk-2 genes,suggesting a relationship between Hsp70 and the glycolytic pathway during myogenic differentiation.Overexpression of Hsp70 in the later stages of myogenic differentiation significantly upregulated the expression of Gsk3β,Pkm,Prk-ag3,and Pfkm genes(P＜0.05),with no significant impact on Hk-2 gene expression(P＞0.05).Dur-ing C2C12 cell adipogenic induction,the expression trend of the Hsp70 gene was similar to that of Gsk3β,Pkm,Prkag3,Pfkm,and Hk-2 genes,indicating a relationship between Hsp70 and the glycolytic path-way during adipogenic induction.Following Hsp70 overexpression,in the later stages of adipogenic in-duction,the number of lipid droplets was significantly higher compared to the control group,with a sig-nificant upregulation of Gsk3β,Pkm,Prkag3,and Pfkm gene expression(P＜0.05),while Hk-2 gene expression was not significantly affected(P＞0.05).In conclusion,Hsp70 in C2C12 cells in myogenic and adipogenic states promoted the breakdown of glycogen into 6-phospho-glucose,thereby enhancing the glycolytic pathway,providing insights into the functional role of the Hsp70 gene in glycolysis in C2C12 cells.

NLRP3 can recruit proteins such as ASC and pro-caspase1 to form NLRP3 inflammasomes after being stimulated by pathogen and danger signals in vivo,and then induce pyropto-sis and promote the inflammatory reactions to maintain the home-ostasis.However,the overactivation of NLRP3 inflammasomes is closely related to many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in humans.Targeted inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasomes can sig-nificantly inhibit inflammation and alleviate the relative symp-toms.Therefore,it is an important research direction for treating diseases of NLRP3 inflammasome that searching for effective in-hibitors targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and achieving clinical transformation.This review summarizes the latest re-search progress based on the sources of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors.