Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and dysregulated iron metabolism, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. This review systematically summarizes the fundamental mechanisms of ferroptosis, the involvement of oxidative stress and ferroptosis in glaucoma, the relationship between ferroptosis and glaucomatous neurodegeneration, and the potential therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis in glaucoma. Studies have shown that ferroptosis-regulating factors play a crucial role in mitigating oxidative damage and preserving cellular function. However, the complexity of their regulatory mechanisms not only hinders a comprehensive understanding of their roles but also impedes clinical translation. Although ferroptosis inhibitors have demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects in animal models, their clinical application remains challenged by issues such as drug safety and target specificity. Therefore, the development of more targeted and low-toxicity therapeutic strategies is essential to advance personalized and precise treatment for glaucoma.

Objective:To compare the differences in postoperative healing rates, hearing improvement, and complication rates between endoscopic butterfly inlay cartilage tympanoplasty and underlay cartilage tympanoplasty in Small-to-Medium-Sized Tympanic Membrane Perforations, and to provide clinical basis for indication of the butterfly inlay cartilage tympanoplasty. Methods:This study enrolled patients with chronic suppurative otitis media or traumatic tympanic membrane perforations who were treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, between January 2022 and May 2023. Inclusion criteria comprised a dry ear period exceeding 3 months, absence of middle ear or mastoid pathology confirmed by temporal bone CT, and an air-bone gap of less than 40 dB. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon using tympanoplasty techniques. Based on the surgical approach and perforation size, patients were categorized into four groups: Group A（butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty, perforation ≤3 mm）: 23 cases. Group B（butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty, perforation 3-5 mm）: 17 cases. Group C（full-thickness cartilage underlay tympanoplasty, perforation ≤3 mm）: 12 cases. Group D（full-thickness cartilage underlay tympanoplasty, perforation 3-5 mm）: 22 cases. Data collected included perforation duration, preoperative Eustachian Tube Score（ETS）, pure-tone audiometry, otoscopic findings, and postoperative follow-up data on pure-tone thresholds, otoscopic outcomes, and complications such as graft infection and otorrhea. Results: The mean postoperative follow-up period was 4 months （range: 3-12 months）. A total of 74 patients were enrolled, including 40 undergoing butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty and 34 receiving full-thickness cartilage inlay tympanoplasty. In the <3 mm perforation subgroup, the patients receiving butterfly technique （23 cases） exhibited a postoperative air-bone gap （ABG） improvement of （2.33±8.21） dB, and those receiving the inlay technique （12 cases） showed an ABG improvement of （2.49±7.9） dB, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups （P>0.05）. In the 3-5 mm perforation subgroup, the patients receiving butterfly technique （17 cases） demonstrated an ABG improvement of （8.16±5.69） dB, and those receiving the inlay technique （22 cases） achieved an ABG improvement of （8.08±10.42） dB, which were not significantly different （P>0.05）. Tympanic membrane healing rates across the four subgroups were 95.65%, 94.12%, 100%, and 95.45%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences （P>0.05）. Conclusion:In patients with tympanic membrane perforations ≤3 mm and 3-5 mm, butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty achieves comparable audiological outcomes to full-thickness cartilage underlay tympanoplasty. Compared with the underlay technique, the butterfly method is less invasive, preserves the normal anatomical structure of the tympanic membrane, requires a shorter dry ear period, and yields higher patient satisfaction. Therefore, it can be safely recommended for perforations ≤5 mm that do not require tympanotomy exploration.
Humans ; Tympanic Membrane Perforation/surgery* ; Tympanoplasty/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Endoscopy ; Cartilage/transplantation* ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Myringoplasty/methods* ; Otitis Media, Suppurative/surgery* ; Aged

Objective:To explore the effects and mechanism of Salvianolic acid B(SalB)on Parkinson's disease(PD).Methods:Forty-eight C57BL/6 male mice were randomly separated into control group(control)withoutdrugs,model group(MPTP)with intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrah-ydropyridine(MPTP),SalB control group with intraperitoneal injection of SalB,and SalB treatment group(MPTP+SalB).Construction of PD mouse model by intraperitoneal injection of MPTP,and treatment with intraperitoneal injection of SalB.Pole climbing test was applied to assess behavior differences.The time of first black stool excretion and water content of feces were measured to evaluate intestinal dysfunctions.The number of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)positive cells in substantia nigra and the level of Toll like receptor 4(TLR4)in colon were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.The pathological changes of colonic mucosa were observed by HE staining.The levels of calprotectin(CP)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in colon were determined by ELISA.Western blot was used to determine the level of TH in midbrain,the protein level of TH,tight junction protein(ZO-1),and protein level of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways which express in colon.Results:Com-pared with the Control group,the climbing time,T-turn time and the first black stool excretion time in MPTP group increased while the fecal water content and the number of TH positive cells in substantia nigra were decreased.Accompanied by TLR4 positive cells in colon,pathological injury score of colonic mucosa,levels of CP and TNF-α in colon increased,expression of TH in midbrain and expression of ZO-1 in colon decreased.Expressions of TLR4,MyD88,Nuclear NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 in colon increased.Com-pared with MPTP group,SalB treatment shortened the climbing time,T-turn time and the first black stool excretion time in SalB treat-ment group,increased the fecal water content and the number of TH positive cells in substantia nigra,lowered TLR4 positive cells in colon,enhanced expression of TH in midbrain and colon,reduced the pathological injury score of colonic mucosa,significantly decreased levels of CP and TNF-α in colon,enhanced expression of ZO-1 in colon,inhibited expressions of TLR4,MyD88,Nuclear NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 in colon.Conclusion:SalB can protect the nerves and intestines and alleviate the intestinal inflamma-tion of PD mice,which may be related to the inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway.

Objective·To investigate the effect of F-box only protein 38(FBXO38)on the ocular melanoma proliferation and the potential regulatory pathway.Methods·Human skin cutaneous melanoma A375 and human uveal melanoma OMM2.3 cell lines with FBXO38 knockdown and overexpression were constructed by FBXO38 short hairpin RNA(shRNA)and FBXO38 overexpression plasmids respectively.Knockdown and overexpression efficiency of FBXO38 at transcription and protein levels were verified by using quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)and Western blotting.The effects of FBXO38 on melanoma cell proliferation were detected through clonal formation assay,BrdU immunofluorescence staining and CCK8 cell proliferation assay.By using The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)database,differentially expressed genes were analyzed in the high and low expression groups of FBXO38.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment was performed to reveal the signaling pathways associated with FBXO38.CCK8 cell proliferation assay was used to detect the inhibition rates of the signaling pathway inhibitors on cells with different FBXO38 expression levels.qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect whether the signaling pathway was activated after knocking down FBXO38.Results·qRT-PCR and Western blotting verified that mRNA and protein expression levels of FBXO38 in FBXO38 knockdown A375 and OMM2.3 cell lines decreased compared with the control group,while the expression levels of FBXO38 in the overexpression cell lines increased compared with wild type group(P＜0.05).Clonal formation assay,BrdU immunofluorescence staining and CCK8 cell proliferation assay showed that FBXO38 knockdown significantly enhanced the proliferation of A375 and OMM2.3 cells(P＜0.05),while overexpression of FBXO38 inhibited melanoma cell proliferation(P＜0.05).Enrichment analysis showed that in skin cutaneous melanoma and uveal melanoma,FBXO38 expression influenced the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K-Akt)pathway activation.Compared with those in the control group,the inhibition rates of P13K inhibitor LY294002 and mTOR1 inhibitor Everolimus in the FBXO38 knockdown group significantly improved(P＜0.05),while their inhibition rates of the overexpression group significantly decreased compared with those of control cells(P＜0.05).Western blotting results showed that after knocking down FBXO38,expression levels of PTEN,P21 and P53 proteins decreased,while expression level of MDM2 protein increased.The qRT-PCR results showed a significant decrease in P53 transcription level(P＜0.05)and a significant increase in MDM2 transcription level in FBXO38 knockdown cells(P＜0.05).Conclusion·FBXO38 plays a role in regulating the proliferation of ocular melanoma,and this regulatory effect is related to the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Successful pregnancy in placental mammals substantially depends on the establishment of maternal immune tolerance to the semi-allogenic fetus.Disorders in this process are tightly asso-ciated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including recurrent miscarriage (RM).However,an in-depth understanding of the systematic and decidual immune environment in RM remains largely lacking.In this study,we utilized single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to comparably analyze the cellular and molecular signatures of decidual and peripheral leukocytes in normal and unex-plained RM pregnancies at the early stage of gestation.Integrative analysis identifies 22 distinct cell clusters in total,and a dramatic difference in leukocyte subsets and molecular properties in RM cases is revealed.Specifically,the cytotoxic properties of CD8+ effector T cells,nature killer(NK),and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in peripheral blood indicates apparently enhanced pro-inflammatory status,and the population proportions and ligand-receptor interac-tions of the decidual leukocyte subsets demonstrate preferential immune activation in RM patients.The molecular features,spatial distribution,and the developmental trajectories of five decidual NK(dNK) subsets have been elaborately illustrated.In RM patients,a dNK subset that supports embryonic growth is diminished in proportion,while the ratio of another dNK subset with cyto-toxic and immune-active signature is significantly increased.Notably,a unique pro-inflammatory CD56 + CD16 + dNK subset substantially accumulates in RM decidua.These findings reveal a com-prehensive cellular and molecular atlas of decidual and peripheral leukocytes in human early pregnancy and provide an in-depth insight into the immune pathogenesis for early pregnancy loss.

Objective: To assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) with refractory epilepsy in children. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 200 children with epilepsy and 100 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to PCR amplification, agarose gel electrophoresis and target site sequencing. Genotypes of rs1922242, rs2235048, rs10808072, rs868755 and rs1202184 loci of the MDR1 gene were analyzed. Results: No significant difference was found in genotypic distribution and allelic frequencies of the rs1922242, rs2235048, rs10808072 and rs868755 loci between the drug-resistant and drug-sensitive groups. For the rs1202184 locus, a significant difference in genotypic distribution was found (P = 0.008). No significant difference was found in the frequencies of various haplotypes between the two groups. Conclusion Genotypes of the rs1202184 locus of the MDR1 gene are associated with refractory epilepsy in children, for which the AA genotype plays a dominant role.