Objective This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of modified endoscopic autologous cartilage eustachian tube pharyngeal orifice tuboplasty(MEACETT)in patients with patulous eustachian tube(PET).Meth-ods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 27 patients(30 ears)diagnosed with PET who underwent MEACETT.Autologous cartilage was used through the incision at the posterior end of the inferior turbi-nate and filled into the lateral wall of the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachian tube.Without affecting the movement function of the eustachian tube during swallowing,the collapse of the pharyngeal orifice was fully filled.Before and after the surgery,the visual analogue scale(VAS),the eustachian tube dysfunction questionnaire-7(ETDQ-7)and hospital anxiety and depression scale(HADS)was used for assessment to evaluate the surgical efficacy.Results There was no significant difference in depression scores before and after surgery(P＞0.05).However,postopera-tive anxiety scores,ETDQ-7 scores,and VAS scores were significantly lower than preoperative scores(P＜0.05).Among the 27 patients,9 showed significant symptom relief,13 exhibited partial relief,and 5 had no significant change compared to preoperative symptoms.The overall response rate of the treatment(significant relief and partial relief)was 81.48％(22/27).All surgeries were successfully performed.Except for secretory otitis media occurring in 2 cases,no major complications were observed.Conclusion MEACETT demonstrates significant symptom relief in PET patients,with high surgical safety and low complication rates,making it worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the R value in tubomanometry(TMM)for the di-agnosis of patulous eustachian tube(PET).Methods The clinical data of 58 patients with PET and 65 controls were retrospectively analyzed.TMM was performed on both groups under nasopharyngeal pressures of 30,40,and 50 mbar respectively.The diagnostic efficacy of the R value for PET was evaluated through receiver operating char-acteristic(ROC)curves.Results In the control group,the average R values under nasopharyngeal pressures of 30,40,and 50 mbar were 0.86±0.50,0.76±0.41,and 0.68±0.34 respectively.In contrast,the corresponding R values in the PET group were significantly lower,which were 0.56±0.38,0.50±0.36,and 0.46±0.38 respec-tively.According to the ROC curve analysis,the areas under the curve(AUC)at these pressures were 0.62,0.74,and 0.74 respectively.The specificity and sensitivity of the R value under nasopharyngeal pressures of 30,40,and 50 mbar were 76.90％and 54.30％,74.60％and 68.10％,86.90％and 54.30％,respectively.Under pressures of 30,40,and 50 mbar,the incidence rates of R＞1 in the control group and the PET group were 29.23％(38/130)and 12.77％(12/94)(x2=8.69,P=0.003),20.00％(26/130)and 6.38％(6/94)(x2=7.20,P=0.007),10.00％(13/130)and 3.19％(3/94)(x2=2.87,P=0.09)respectively.Conclusion Although the low R value in TMM reflects the presence of PET to some extent,it does not provide adequate sensitivity and specificity to serve as an independent diagnostic criterion for PET.

Objective To elucidate the mechanism through which Gypenoside L inhibits the growth of colon cancer by modulating carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT1B),a pivotal enzyme in the fatty acid metabolism pathway. Methods Through in vitro experiments,various concentrations of Gypenoside LI LI were applied to inter-vene in colon cancer RKO and SW620 cells. The effects of Gypenoside LI on these cells were comprehensively evalu-ated using the CCK-8 assay,wound healing assay,colony formation assay,and live-dead cell staining,focusing on its impact on cell proliferation,migration,and apoptosis. Additionally,a human colon cancer tissue microarray (TMA) was utilized in conjunction with multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of CPT1B in colon cancer and adjacent tissues. SW620 cells were transfected with siRNA,and the mRNA and protein expression levels of CPT1B post-transfection were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. Furthermore,an in vivo nude mouse colon cancer model was established to investigate the inhibitory effect of Gypenoside LI LI on colon cancer growth. Results In vitro experiments demonstrated that Gypenoside LI LI effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of RKO and SW620 cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. Additionally,multiple fluorescence immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that the expression level of CPT1B in colon cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent non-tumor tissues. Gypenoside LI LI promoted ROS accumulation by inhibiting CPT1B expression. In vivo experiments further confirmed that Gypenoside LI LI could inhibit tumor formation in nude mice and reduce CPT1B expression. Conclusions This study elucidates the mechanism by which Gypenoside LI inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells. Specifically,it downregulates CPT1B,leading to increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS),disruption of fatty acid oxidation metabolism,and ultimately inducing apoptosis in colon cancer cells. These findings offer valuable insights into colon cancer treatment,suggesting new therapeutic strategies and potential drug targets.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of modified endoscopic autologous cartilage eustachian tube pharyngeal orifice tuboplasty(MEACETT)in patients with patulous eustachian tube(PET).Meth-ods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 27 patients(30 ears)diagnosed with PET who underwent MEACETT.Autologous cartilage was used through the incision at the posterior end of the inferior turbi-nate and filled into the lateral wall of the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachian tube.Without affecting the movement function of the eustachian tube during swallowing,the collapse of the pharyngeal orifice was fully filled.Before and after the surgery,the visual analogue scale(VAS),the eustachian tube dysfunction questionnaire-7(ETDQ-7)and hospital anxiety and depression scale(HADS)was used for assessment to evaluate the surgical efficacy.Results There was no significant difference in depression scores before and after surgery(P＞0.05).However,postopera-tive anxiety scores,ETDQ-7 scores,and VAS scores were significantly lower than preoperative scores(P＜0.05).Among the 27 patients,9 showed significant symptom relief,13 exhibited partial relief,and 5 had no significant change compared to preoperative symptoms.The overall response rate of the treatment(significant relief and partial relief)was 81.48％(22/27).All surgeries were successfully performed.Except for secretory otitis media occurring in 2 cases,no major complications were observed.Conclusion MEACETT demonstrates significant symptom relief in PET patients,with high surgical safety and low complication rates,making it worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the R value in tubomanometry(TMM)for the di-agnosis of patulous eustachian tube(PET).Methods The clinical data of 58 patients with PET and 65 controls were retrospectively analyzed.TMM was performed on both groups under nasopharyngeal pressures of 30,40,and 50 mbar respectively.The diagnostic efficacy of the R value for PET was evaluated through receiver operating char-acteristic(ROC)curves.Results In the control group,the average R values under nasopharyngeal pressures of 30,40,and 50 mbar were 0.86±0.50,0.76±0.41,and 0.68±0.34 respectively.In contrast,the corresponding R values in the PET group were significantly lower,which were 0.56±0.38,0.50±0.36,and 0.46±0.38 respec-tively.According to the ROC curve analysis,the areas under the curve(AUC)at these pressures were 0.62,0.74,and 0.74 respectively.The specificity and sensitivity of the R value under nasopharyngeal pressures of 30,40,and 50 mbar were 76.90％and 54.30％,74.60％and 68.10％,86.90％and 54.30％,respectively.Under pressures of 30,40,and 50 mbar,the incidence rates of R＞1 in the control group and the PET group were 29.23％(38/130)and 12.77％(12/94)(x2=8.69,P=0.003),20.00％(26/130)and 6.38％(6/94)(x2=7.20,P=0.007),10.00％(13/130)and 3.19％(3/94)(x2=2.87,P=0.09)respectively.Conclusion Although the low R value in TMM reflects the presence of PET to some extent,it does not provide adequate sensitivity and specificity to serve as an independent diagnostic criterion for PET.

Objective To explore the effect of aerobic calisthenics on sleep quality in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods Forty children with ADHD(aged 9～11 years;mean age 9.83±0.76 years)were recruited from the pediatric outpatient department of some class-3 grade-A hospital in Beijing.They were randomized into an intervention group(n=21)and a control group(n=19).Both groups participated in standard school physical education programs,while the intervention group underwent 60-minute aerobic calisthenics exercise sessions three times weekly for 8 weeks.Before and after the intervention,the sleep condition was measured using the children's sleep habits questionnaire(CSHQ)and the three-axis acceleration recorder.The inter-group differenc-es in sleep dimensions were analyzed using independent samples t-tests,while the intra-group ones were evaluated using paired t-tests.Results(1)Inter-group comparison:Before the experiment,no sig-nificant differences were detected between the two groups in sleep characteristics.After the experi-ment,in comparison with the control group,there was a significant decrease in awakening time,aver-age awakening time,and sleep latency time of the intervention group,but a significant increase in sleep efficiency(P<0.05).Moreover,the total score of CSHQ,as well as the sleep resistance and sleep delay scores,were significantly lower in the intervention group(P<0.05).(2)Intra-group com-parison:In the intervention group,after the experiment,there were significant reductions in awakening time and sleep latency time,and a significant enhancement in sleep efficiency(P<0.05).Moreover,the total score of CSHQ,along with the scores of sleep resistance,sleep delay,and daytime sleepi-ness,decreased significantly(P<0.05).In the control group,the daytime sleepiness score decreased af-ter the experiment(P<0.05).Conclusion An 8-week aerobic calisthenics exercise(60 minutes/session,3 sessions/week)significantly improves overall sleep quality in children with ADHD.Therefore,it is worth application in the clinical practice.

Objective To explore the effect of aerobic calisthenics on sleep quality in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods Forty children with ADHD(aged 9～11 years;mean age 9.83±0.76 years)were recruited from the pediatric outpatient department of some class-3 grade-A hospital in Beijing.They were randomized into an intervention group(n=21)and a control group(n=19).Both groups participated in standard school physical education programs,while the intervention group underwent 60-minute aerobic calisthenics exercise sessions three times weekly for 8 weeks.Before and after the intervention,the sleep condition was measured using the children's sleep habits questionnaire(CSHQ)and the three-axis acceleration recorder.The inter-group differenc-es in sleep dimensions were analyzed using independent samples t-tests,while the intra-group ones were evaluated using paired t-tests.Results(1)Inter-group comparison:Before the experiment,no sig-nificant differences were detected between the two groups in sleep characteristics.After the experi-ment,in comparison with the control group,there was a significant decrease in awakening time,aver-age awakening time,and sleep latency time of the intervention group,but a significant increase in sleep efficiency(P<0.05).Moreover,the total score of CSHQ,as well as the sleep resistance and sleep delay scores,were significantly lower in the intervention group(P<0.05).(2)Intra-group com-parison:In the intervention group,after the experiment,there were significant reductions in awakening time and sleep latency time,and a significant enhancement in sleep efficiency(P<0.05).Moreover,the total score of CSHQ,along with the scores of sleep resistance,sleep delay,and daytime sleepi-ness,decreased significantly(P<0.05).In the control group,the daytime sleepiness score decreased af-ter the experiment(P<0.05).Conclusion An 8-week aerobic calisthenics exercise(60 minutes/session,3 sessions/week)significantly improves overall sleep quality in children with ADHD.Therefore,it is worth application in the clinical practice.

Objective To elucidate the mechanism through which Gypenoside L inhibits the growth of colon cancer by modulating carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT1B),a pivotal enzyme in the fatty acid metabolism pathway. Methods Through in vitro experiments,various concentrations of Gypenoside LI LI were applied to inter-vene in colon cancer RKO and SW620 cells. The effects of Gypenoside LI on these cells were comprehensively evalu-ated using the CCK-8 assay,wound healing assay,colony formation assay,and live-dead cell staining,focusing on its impact on cell proliferation,migration,and apoptosis. Additionally,a human colon cancer tissue microarray (TMA) was utilized in conjunction with multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of CPT1B in colon cancer and adjacent tissues. SW620 cells were transfected with siRNA,and the mRNA and protein expression levels of CPT1B post-transfection were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. Furthermore,an in vivo nude mouse colon cancer model was established to investigate the inhibitory effect of Gypenoside LI LI on colon cancer growth. Results In vitro experiments demonstrated that Gypenoside LI LI effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of RKO and SW620 cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. Additionally,multiple fluorescence immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that the expression level of CPT1B in colon cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent non-tumor tissues. Gypenoside LI LI promoted ROS accumulation by inhibiting CPT1B expression. In vivo experiments further confirmed that Gypenoside LI LI could inhibit tumor formation in nude mice and reduce CPT1B expression. Conclusions This study elucidates the mechanism by which Gypenoside LI inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells. Specifically,it downregulates CPT1B,leading to increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS),disruption of fatty acid oxidation metabolism,and ultimately inducing apoptosis in colon cancer cells. These findings offer valuable insights into colon cancer treatment,suggesting new therapeutic strategies and potential drug targets.

Objective To examine the compliance of and factors affecting target attainment of serum trough concentration of norvancomycin in ICU patients,and the effects of different trough concentrations on clinical efficacy and renal impairment.Methods Adult patients admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huangshan People's Hospital and receiving intravenous infusion of norvancomycin from January 2020 to December 2022 were included.The dosing regimens and steady-state trough concentrations of norvancomycin were analyzed.The clinical efficacy and renal impairment were compared between different trough concentration levels.The compliance of trough concentration in critically ill patients with different renal functions was examined.Logistic regression analysis was performed to profile the factors possibly affecting the trough concentration of norvancomycin.Results A total of 97 patients were included.The target serum trough concentration(10-20 mg/L)was reached in only 33.0％(32/97)of the critically ill patients.The serum trough concentration was below the target in 51.5％(50/97)of the patients,above the target in 15.5％of the patients.The clinical cure rate and incidence of renal impairment were significantly different among the three groups of patients with different trough concentrations(P＜0.05).The compliance with target serum trough concentration varied with different renal function tests(P＜0.05).Augmented renal clearance and normal renal function were associated with trough concentrations lower than the target.As renal dysfunction got worse,serum trough concentration was more probably higher than the target(P＜0.05).Univariate analysis showed that daily dose,age,gender,height,weight,body mass index(BMI),APACHE Ⅱ score,sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)score,blood creatinine,urea nitrogen,procalcitonin,concomitant septic shock,and use of norepinephrine were significantly correlated with trough concentrations of norvancomycin(P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age,SOFA score,blood urea nitrogen,gender,and norepinephrine use were independent factors affecting the serum trough concentration of norvancomycin(P＜0.05).Conclusions The serum trough concentration of norvancomycin varied with renal function states in ICU patients.It is difficult to achieve the steady-state target trough concentration(10-20 mg/L).The clinical cure rate is lower when the trough concentration is lower than the target.As the trough concentration increases,the incidence of renal impairment increases.Age,SOFA score,urea nitrogen,gender,and norepinephrine use are independent factors affecting the serum trough concentrations of norvancomycin.

Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. In the past few decades, the exact mechanisms underlying the onset of the disease have remained unclear, and treatment options are still lacking. Due to the inability of two-dimensional cell and animal models to fully simulate the pathogenesis of AD, there have been shortcomings in clinical trials of new drugs. The development of organoids and organ-on-a-chip technologies has improved the dilemma of AD research, providing reliable in vitro research models for studying pathogenic mechanisms and drug screening. This article elaborates on the applications and progress of organoids and organ-on-a-chip in AD modeling, pathogenesis, and drug development, and discusses the current limitations of organoids and organ-on-a-chip and their future perspectives.