Objective: To explore the metabolic molecular mechanism of regulatory T cells (Tregs) resisting ferroptosis under a hypoxic stress microenvironment, and to provide scientific support for finding intervention targets to improve the immune microenvironment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: This study was approved by the Institutional Medical Ethics Committee. Multiplex immunofluorescence was used to detect the distribution of Tregs and the localization of hypoxic regions in clinical pathological specimens from patients with OSCC tissues. Animal experiments were approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee. A tumor-bearing model was established in C57BL/6 mice. The submandibular, subscapular, inguinal, and popliteal lymph nodes were collected along with the spleen, and were homogenized to prepare single cell suspensions. C57BL/6 mouse naive CD4⁺ T cells were induced to differentiate into Tregs in vitro, and a 1% hypoxic culture model was established. Normoxia and hypoxia groups were established, and Treg viability under hypoxic conditions was assessed by flow cytometry. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were applied to analyze differentially expressed genes, metabolic pathways, and changes in cholesterol metabolites. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of emopamil-binding protein (EBP), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4). The safe concentration of the EBP inhibitor TASIN-30 was determined by the CCK-8 assay. On this basis, four groups were established: normoxia control, hypoxia, hypoxia+TASIN-30, and hypoxia+TASIN-30+7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Treg viability in each group was measured by flow cytometry; intracellular Fe2+ content, lipid peroxidation level, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation were detected by cellular immunofluorescence and flow cytometry; the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio was measured using a microplate reader; and mitochondrial morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy. In vivo tumor-inhibition experiments in C3H/HeJ mice were performed to validate the in vivo effects of EBP inhibition, and clinical prognostic survival analysis based on the TCGA-HNSC cohort was performed to evaluate the clinical prognostic value of ferroptosis resistance in Tregs. Results: Tregs were highly enriched in OSCC tissue, preferentially accumulated in hypoxic areas, and could maintain cell survival under hypoxia. The cholesterol metabolism pathway was upregulated in the hypoxic group, with increased EBP mRNA expression (P < 0.001) and 7-DHC accumulation. Compared with the hypoxic group alone, the hypoxic + TASIN-30 group showed decreased GPX4 and FSP1 expression (P < 0.001, P = 0.003); increased ACSL4 expression (P < 0.001); a decreased viable cell ratio (P < 0.001); increased Fe2+, lipid peroxidation, and ROS levels (P < 0.001); a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio (P < 0.001); and mitochondrial shrinkage. Exogenous supplementation of 7-DHC reversed the effects of EBP inhibition. In vivo inhibition of EBP significantly inhibited tumor growth (P < 0.001). Conclusion Tregs upregulate EBP and promote 7-DHC accumulation in hypoxic microenvironments, thereby inhibiting Treg ferroptosis and maintaining their survival and immunosuppressive function. Inhibition of EBP can weaken the resistance of Tregs to ferroptosis under hypoxia.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Liuwei Dihuangwan on mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）-mediated synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex-hippocampus circuit in the rat model of valproic acid （VPA）-induced autism spectrum disorder （ASD） and to explore its potential mechanism for reducing behavioral abnormalities in ASD rats. MethodsThirteen SD pregnant rats were randomized into the VPA group （10 rats） and the control group （3 rats）. On gestational day 13， the VPA group was intraperitoneally injected with VPA solution （600 mg·kg^-1）， while the control group was injected with an equal volume of normal saline. Male pups of 21 days old from both groups underwent behavioral tests to screen the ASD model rats （32 rats）. These rats were then randomly assigned to the model （distilled water）， vitamin D （1 480 U·kg^-1）， low-dose （0.75 g·kg^-1） Liuwei Dihuangwan， and high-dose （1.5 g·kg^-1） Liuwei Dihuangwan groups， and normal male pups were selected as the blank group （distilled water）， with 8 rats in each group. Each group was treated with the corresponding drug or an equal volume of distilled water via gavage daily. After drug administration， behavioral tests were conducted again， followed by anesthesia and tissue collection. Nissl staining was carried out to observe the morphological changes of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe changes in hippocampal synaptic structure. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were employed to determine the expression of mTOR， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）， and protein kinase B （Akt） in the prefrontal cortex， as well as synaptophysin-1 （SYP-1）， postsynaptic density 95 （PSD95）， and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors （NMDARs） in the hippocampus. ResultsCompared with the control group， the model group exhibited severe growth retardation and developmental deformities， with abnormal behavioral performance and pathological damage to neurons and synapses in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Compared with the model group， all treatment groups showed reduced behavioral abnormalities and pathological damage to neurons and synapses in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus， with the most significant effects in the high-dose Liuwei Dihuangwan group. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting results showed that compared with the control group， the model group exhibited significantly increased protein levels and phosphorylation ratios of p-mTOR， p-Akt， and p-PI3K in the prefrontal cortex （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and decreased protein levels of SYP-1 and PSD95 and increased protein level of NMDARs in the hippocampus （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the model group， the protein levels of p-mTOR， p-Akt， and p-PI3K in the prefrontal cortex decreased in the vitamin D and high-dose Liuwei Dihuangwan groups （P<0.05）， and the p-mTOR/mTOR， p-Akt/Akt， and p-PI3K/PI3K ratios in the prefrontal cortex declined in the vitamin D group （P<0.05）. The high-dose Liuwei Dihuangwan group showed a reduction in p-PI3K/PI3K ratio （P<0.05）. The protein level of SYP-1 and PSD95 in the hippocampus increased in the vitamin D， low-dose Liuwei Dihuangwan， and high-dose Liuwei Dihuangwan groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the protein level of NMDARs decreased in the vitamin D and high-dose Liuwei Dihuangwan groups （P<0.01）. ConclusionLiuwei Dihuangwan significantly reduces VPA-induced ASD-like behaviors and enhances the regeneration and repair of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and synaptic structures in the hippocampus by downregulating of PI3K/Akt/mTOR expression in the prefrontal cortex， upregulating SYP-1 and PSD95 expression in the hippocampus， and inhibiting NMDARs expression.

BACKGROUND:Acute exercise tends to cause skeletal muscle tissue damage and lipid metabolism disorders in vivo,but the mechanism by which acute exercise combined with electroacupuncture modulates metabolic and autophagic pathways in vivo is unclear. OBJECTIVE:To observe the changes in metabolic enzymes and autophagy levels in skeletal muscle of rats subjected to acute exercise by electroacupuncture at the acupoints of"Zusanli"and"Huantiao." METHODS:Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups:quiet control group(n=10),model group(n=20),and reverse electroacupuncture group(n=20).The latter two groups were set up with two time points,i.e.immediate and 3 hours after exercise groups(n=10 per time point).The model group and the reverse electroacupuncture group underwent acute exercise training after adaptive treadmill training.The rats in the reverse electroacupuncture group underwent electroacupuncture treatment(parameters:electroacupuncture on both sides of the rats at the acupoints of"Zusanli"and"Huantiao,"continuous wave,frequency of 2 Hz,intensity of 2 mA,leaving the needle in the body for 30 minutes,once a day for 7 consecutive days)before treadmill training.Bilateral gastrocnemius muscle tissues were taken under anesthesia immediately after exercise and 3 hours after exercise,and hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of rat skeletal muscle.ELISA kit was used to detect the activities of hepatic lipase,fatty acid synthase,hormone-sensitive lipase,and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 in rat skeletal muscle tissues.Immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to detect the changes in the expression of autophagy genes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After hematoxylin-eosin staining,the arrangement of gastrocnemius muscle fibers in the model group was disturbed,swollen and ruptured immediately after exercise and 3 hours after exercise.In the reverse electroacupuncture group,gastrocnemius muscle fibers were tightly arranged and the number of swollen and ruptured cells was greatly reduced immediately after exercise and 3 hours after exercise,and there was no significant difference when compared with the quiet control group.Compared with the quiet control group,the activities of hepatic lipase and fatty acid synthase were lower while the activities of lipoprotein lipase,hormone-sensitive lipase,and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 were higher in the model group and the reverse electroacupuncture group 3 hours after exercise(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the activities of lipoprotein lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 were higher in the reverse electroacupuncture group immediately after exercise(P＜0.05),while the activity of lipoprotein lipase was higher and the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase was lower in the reverse electroacupuncture group 3 hours after exercise(P＜0.01).Immunohistochemical results showed that compared with the quiet control group,the expression of P62,autophagy-related gene 5 and autophagy-related gene 7 was higher in the model group immediately and 3 hours after exercise,as well as in the reverse electroacupuncture group immediately after exercise(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01);compared with the model group,the expression of P62 and autophagy-related gene 7 was lower in the reverse electroacupuncture group immediately and 3 hours after exercise(P＜0.05).Western blot results showed that the protein expression of P62 and autophagy-related gene 7 in the reverse electroacupuncture group was lower than that in the model group immediately after exercise(P＜0.05);the protein expression of Parkin in the model group was higher than that in the quiet control group immediately and 3 hours after exercise(P＜0.05);and the protein expression of Parkin in the reverse electroacupuncture group was lower than that in the model group immediately and 3 hours after exercise(P＜0.05).To conclude,acute exercise induces disorders,swelling and rupture of gastrocnemius muscle fibers in rats and electroacupuncture on both sides of the acupoints of"Zusanli"and"Huantiao"can improve the level of lipid metabolism and regulate autophagy cells in rat skeletal muscle,preventing the disorders of lipid metabolism and damage of gastrocnemius muscle tissues caused by acute exercise.The mechanism may be closely related to the regulation of autophagy-related factor P62,autophagy-related gene 5,autophagy-related gene 7,and Parkin protein expression to promote the occurrence of autophagy or regulate the autophagy pathway in rat skeletal muscle cells.

Objective To explore the influence of cardiac electrophysiological(EP)mode on image quality and radiation dose in performing hysterosalpingography(HSG)with digital subtraction angiography(DSA).Methods The clinical data of 97 infertility patients,who were admitted to the Jinhua Municipal People's Hospital of China from October to November of 2024,were prospectively collected.Among them,50 patients who received treatment in October of 2024 by using DSA abdominal acquisition mode were collected as the control group,and other 47 patients who received treatment in November of 2024 by using EP acquisition mode were collected as the study group.The image quality and radiation dose of the two groups were analyzed.Results The patients' image quality of both groups met the diagnostic requirements,and the diagnostic conclusions made by two physicians were consistent.No statistically significant differences in the positive rate,number of spot shot films,radiation dose of spot shot films,and continuous exposure time existed between the two groups(P＞0.05).Compared with the control group,in the study group the number of images increased by 8.3 times,the continuous exposure radiation dose was decreased by 90.0％,and the total radiation dose was decreased by 83.0％.The differences in the above indexes between the two groups were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion In performing HSG with DSA,the use of EP mode for image acquisition can meet the diagnostic requirements,besides it can effectively reduce the radiation dose while increasing the number of image frames,therefore,this technique is worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To analyze the related factors of prognosis in patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) complicated with renal damage, and to provide reference for clinical development of personalized prevention and treatment measures. Methods A total of 508 patients with primary SS complicated with renal damage in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from February 2020 to February 2022 were enrolled as study subjects. According to the prognosis status within 3 years, the enrolled patients were divided into good prognosis group (n=426) and poor prognosis group (n=82). Univariate and logistic multivariate regression analyses were adopted to analyze the influencing factors of poor prognosis. Results There were significant differences in hypertension, anemia, renal interstitial chronicity grading, and levels of globulin (GLO), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and hemoglobin between the two groups (P<0.05). Logistic multivariate analysis showed that concurrent hypertension, anemia, increased grade of renal interstitial chronicity, and elevated GLO and IgG levels were risk factors of poor prognosis in patients with primary SS complicated with renal damage, while hemoglobin level was a protective factor (OR: 1.962, 95%CI: 1.056-3.645; OR: 2.467, 95%CI: 1.153-5.278; OR: 17.796, 95%CI: 5.157-61.419; OR: 3.655, 95%CI: 1.812-7.372; OR: 5.732, 95%CI: 2.632-12.480; OR: 0.325, 95%CI: 0.165-0.640, P<0.05). Conclusion Patients with primary SS complicated with renal damage have a higher risk of poor prognosis, which is affected by factors such as hypertension, anemia, and GLO, IgG and hemoglobin levels. Clinically, it is necessary to take active prevention and treatment measures to improve the prognosis of patients.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical features of the sepsis in immunocompromised hosts and establish an early warning equation. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Binzhou Medical University Hospital from October 2011 to October 2022. General information, infection site, etiology results and drug susceptibility, clinical symptoms, inflammatory indicators, acute physiology and chronic health status evaluation II (APACHE II), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), incidence of immune paralysis, and outcome during hospitalization were collected. Based on whether they met the diagnostic criteria for immunocompromised hosts, patients were divided into immunocompromised group and immune normal group. The clinical information of the two groups were compared. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of patients with immunocompromised sepsis and the regression equation model was initially established. Omnibus test and Hosmer-Lemeshow test were used to evaluate the model. RESULTS: A total of 169 patients with sepsis were included, including 61 in the immunocompromised group and 108 in the normal immune group. The top 3 infection sites in the immunocompromised group were bloodstream infection, pulmonary infection and abdominal infection. The top 3 infection sites in the normal immune group were pulmonary infection, bloodstream infection and abdominal infection. The infection rate of Gram-negative bacteria in the immunocompromised group was significantly lower than that in the normal group [49.2% (30/61) vs. 64.8% (70/108), P < 0.05]. The infection rate of Gram-positive bacteria [27.9% (17/61) vs. 13.9% (15/108)] and multidrug-resistant bacteria [54.1% (33/61) vs. 29.6% (32/108)] were significantly higher than those in normal immune group (both P < 0.05). In terms of clinical symptoms, the proportion of fever in the immunocompromised group was significantly lower than that in the immune normal group [49.2% (30/61) vs. 66.7% (72/108), P < 0.05]. Neutrophil count (NEU) and neutrophil percentage (NEU%) in the immunocompromised group were significantly lower than those in the normal immune group. Lymphocyte percentage (LYM%), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), APACHE II score, combined shock rate, incidence of immune paralysis, and mortality during hospitalization in the immunocompromised group were significantly higher than those in the normal immune group. Logistic regression analysis showed that NLR, CRP and PCT were risk factors for patients with immunocompromised sepsis (all P < 0.05). The above indicators were used as covariables to construct a Logistic regression equation, that was, Logit (P) = 0.025X₁+0.010X₂+0.013X₃-2.945, where X₁, X₂ and X₃ represent NLR, CRP and PCT respectively. Omnibus test and Hosmer-Lemeshow test show that the model fits well and has certain early warning value. CONCLUSIONS Patients with immunocompromised sepsis have more intense inflammatory response, with Gram-negative bacteria being the predominant pathogen, and a higher incidence of Gram-positive bacterial infections and multi-drug resistant infections. The severity of the disease, in-hospital mortality, the incidence of shock and the incidence of immune paralysis after sepsis were significantly higher. NLR, CRP and PCT were independent risk factors for sepsis in immunocompromised hosts. The regression equation constructed based on this may have early warning significance for patients with immunocompromised sepsis.
Humans ; Sepsis/immunology* ; Immunocompromised Host ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Intensive Care Units ; Logistic Models ; Male ; APACHE ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged

OBJECTIVE: To identify and validate novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) and precise continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) using proteomics. METHODS: A prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted. Patients with sepsis admitted to five hospitals in Taizhou City of Zhejiang Province from April 2019 to December 2021 were continuously enrolled, based on the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI). Sepsis patients were divided into SA-AKI group and non-SA-AKI group, and healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations during the same period were used as control (NC group). Peripheral blood samples from participants were collected for protein mass spectrometry analysis. Differentially expressed proteins were identified, and functional enrichment analysis was conducted on these proteins. The levels of target proteins were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the predictive value of target protein for SA-AKI were evaluated by receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve). Additionally, sepsis patients and healthy individuals were selected from one hospital to externally verify the expression level of the target protein and its predictive value for SA-AKI, as well as the accuracy of CRRT treatment. RESULTS: A total of 37 patients with sepsis (including 19 with AKI and 18 without AKI) and 31 healthy individuals were enrolled for proteomic analysis. Seven proteins were identified with significantly differential expression between the SA-AKI group and non-SA-AKI group: namely cystatin C (CST3), β ₂-microglobulin (β ₂M), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (IGFBP4), complement factor I (CFI), complement factor D (CFD), CD59, and glycoprotein prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins were involved in immune response, complement activation, coagulation cascade, and neutrophil degranulation. ELISA results demonstrated specific expression of each target protein in the SA-AKI group. Additionally, 65 patients with sepsis (38 with AKI and 27 without AKI) and 20 healthy individuals were selected for external validation of the 7 target proteins. ELISA results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the expression levels of CST3, β ₂M, IGFBP4, CFD, and CD59 between the SA-AKI group and non-SA-AKI group. ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) values of CST3, β ₂M, IGFBP4, CFD, and CD59 for predicting SA-AKI were 0.788, 0.723, 0.723, 0.795, and 0.836, respectively, all exceeding 0.7. Further analysis of patients who underwent CRRT or not revealed that IGFBP4 had a good predictive value, with an AUC of 0.84. CONCLUSIONS Based on proteomic analysis, CST3, β ₂M, IGFBP4, CFD, and CD59 may serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of SA-AKI, among which IGFBP4 might be a potential biomarker for predicting the need for CRRT in SA-AKI patients. However, further clinical validation is required.
Humans ; Sepsis/complications* ; Acute Kidney Injury/blood* ; Proteomics ; Prospective Studies ; Biomarkers/blood* ; Male ; Female ; beta 2-Microglobulin/blood* ; Middle Aged ; Cystatin C/blood* ; Aged

AIM:This study aims to investigate whether vitamin E succinate(VES)induces autophagy in hu-man gastric cancer cells through the promotion of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes(MAMs).METHODS:Human gastric cancer cell lines MKN28 and MKN45 were cultured in vitro.Cell viability was assessed us-ing the CCK8 assay,and two cell growth curves were plotted to determine the treatment concentration of VES.Control groups,VES dose groups(MKN28:5,10,20,and 40 mg/L;MKN45:10,20,40,and 80 mg/L),an autophagy-posi-tive control group(rapamycin,RAPA,100 nmol/L),and a MAMs-positive control group(oligomycin A,10 mg/L)were set up.Cells were harvested after 24 h of treatment for subsequent experiments.The formation of autophagosomes and MAMs was observed using transmission electron microscopy.The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins,includ-ing beclin-1,LC3-II/LC3-I,and p62,were detected by Western blot.MAMs labeled with split green fluorescent protein(GFP)were visualized by fluorescence microscopy.The expression of mitofusin 2(MFN2),a key molecule of MAMs,was also detected by Western blot.To inhibit MFN2 specifically,the cells were treated with mitochondrial fusion inhibitor 8(MFI8)and simultaneously transfected with an MFN2 plasmid to achieve MFN2 overexpression(OE-MFN2).The cells were divided into control group,MFI8(20 μmol/L)group,VES groups(20 mg/L for MKN28 cells and 40 mg/L for MKN45 cells),VES+MFI8 group,OE-MFN2+MFI8 group and OE-MFN2+VES+MFI8 group.The MAMs were visualized by fluorescence microscopy,and the expression changes of MFN2,beclin-1 and LC3-II/I were detected by Western blot.RESULTS:The results of the CCK8 assay showed that VES significantly inhibited the viability of both human gastric can-cer cell lines(P<0.05).After VES treatment,the formation of typical autophagosomes and MAMs was observed in both cell lines by transmission electron microscopy.Fluorescence microscopy showed a significant increase in GFP signals of MAMs.Western blot analysis showed that with increasing doses of VES,the expression levels of MFN2,beclin-1,and LC3-II/I were significantly up-regulated,while that of p62 was significantly down-regulated(P<0.05).Compared with VES group,the cells pretreated with MFI8 followed by VES exposure showed markedly reduced GFP signals of MAMs and much lower protein levels of MFN2,beclin-1 and LC3-II/LC3-I(P<0.05).Transfection with an MFN2 overexpression plasmid rescued MFN2 expression.Compared with VES+MFI8 group,the cells in OE-MFN2+VES+MFI8 group had much higher protein expression levels of MFN2,beclin-1 and LC3-II/LC3-I(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The VES may partici-pates in the regulation of autophagy in human gastric cancer cells by promoting the formation of MAMs.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of super-selective ophthalmic artery thrombolysis in the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO).Methods:This is a retrospective case series study,based on the analysis of clinical data of 50 non-arteritic CRAO patients. The patients were advised to be treated with super-selective intra-ocular arterial thrombolysis at the Neurosurgery Department, Shenyang No. 4 People′s Hospital from May to December 2024, and treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis and postoperative management guidance by the Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command. There were 36 males and 14 females, aged (59.5±10.2)years (range: 41 to 75 years). There were 5 cases of complete obstruction of the central retinal artery and 45 cases of subtotal obstruction.Before the operation, all patients underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)+ocular vascular ultrasonography, and their visual acuity was measured using a standard visual acuity logarithmic scale, visual field was measured using the contrast visual field examination method;One week after the operation, all patients were rechecked for OCTA, visual acuity and visual field. The patients′ preoperative and postoperative visual field recovery status were compared. Significant effect was defined as an improvement of more than 3 lines of visual acuity or a complete improvement of visual field defects after treatment compared with pretreatment visual acuity; effectiveness was defined as an improvement of 1 to 2 lines of visual acuity or an improvement of visual field defects after treatment compared with pretreatment visual acuity.Results:The overall effective rate of 50 patients with CRAO treated with super-selective ophthalmic artery urokinase thrombolysis was 94.0% (47/50), with 29 very effective, 18 effective and 3 ineffective. The time from onset to surgery was 0 to 6 hours in 5 patients, with an effective rate of 5/5; >6 to 24 hours in 11 patients, with an effective rate of 10/11; >1 to 7 days in 21 patients, with an effective rate of 90.5%(19/21); >7 to 14 days in 9 patients, with an effective rate of 9/9; and >14 to 21 days in 4 patients, with an effective rate of 4/4, and the difference in effective rate between the different time windows of thrombolytic therapy was not statistically significant ( P=0.961). There were 3 cases of intraoperative and postoperative complications, including 1 case of ophthalmic artery entrapment, 1 case of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm and 1 case of fundus hemorrhage, but all of them were cured after symptomatic treatment. Conclusions:Intra-arterial thrombolysis for CRAO patients has a high effective rate and a low complication rate. The surgical time window can be extended to 21 days after the onset, which is of positive significance for the recovery and improvement of the patient′s final visual acuity.