Breast cancer， as one of the major cancers threatening women's health globally， is characterized by high aggressiveness， high malignancy， and poor prognosis. In 2022， according to the World Health Organization， breast cancer ranked second in the incidence of female cancers globally， accounting for 11.6% of all new cancer cases. Western medical doctors mainly use surgery， chemotherapy， radiotherapy， endocrine therapy， and molecular targeted therapy to treat breast cancer， which can effectively improve the recurrence rate and death rate of breast cancer patients and prolong the survival period of patients. However， its treatment process is often accompanied by a series of side effects， which bring challenges to patients' quality of life. However， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has demonstrated significant therapeutic effects in inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells， reducing toxic side effects produced by chemotherapy， and improving patients' survival rate and quality of life. It is therefore particularly necessary to investigate the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of TCM in breast cancer treatment. The authors combed the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of the etiology and pathogenesis of breast cancer， identification and treatment of breast cancer， TCM compound， TCM single medicine， TCM monomer， and external treatment of TCM to prevent and control breast cancer and found that TCM has a therapeutic effect on breast cancer. It can play a role in increasing the effectiveness， reducing the toxicity， and alleviating the adverse reactions. It can inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation， cell cycle， migration， invasion， immune escape， epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT）， aerobic glycolysis， mitochondrial biosynthesis， aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis， reduce drug resistance， promote apoptosis， ferroptosis， cell autophagy， and regulate the tumor immune microenvironment by regulating signaling pathways. This paper aims to provide new ideas and methods for experimental research and clinical treatment of breast cancer.

Lung cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality rate among all cancers. Because of the complex pathogenesis， there are limitations in the common Western medicine treatment methods. Clinical and experimental studies have proved that traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） can not only effectively treat lung cancer and alleviate the clinical symptoms of cancer patients but also reduce the adverse reactions and complications caused by surgery， chemotherapy， and radiotherapy to improve the quality of life of the patients. The biological behaviors of lung cancer cells， such as proliferation， invasion， and metastasis， are closely related to their metabolic reprogramming. Metabolic reprogramming in lung cancer involves a series of metabolic changes such as increased glucose uptake and consumption， enhanced glycolysis， increased amino acid uptake and catabolism， and enhanced lipid and protein synthesis. Studies have reported that TCM active components， extracts， and compound prescriptions can effectively inhibit the biological behaviors of lung cancer by regulating metabolic reprogramming. Therefore， this paper reviews the pharmacological mechanisms of TCM active components， extracts， and compound prescriptions in regulating metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer， with the aim of providing a new way of thinking for the treatment of lung cancer by TCM regulation of metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells. The available studies suggest that TCM mainly inhibits the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase （ERK）/c-Myc， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）， and hypoxia-inducible factor-α （HIF-1α） pathways. Furthermore， the expression of monocarboxylate transporter 4 （MCT4）， glucose transporter 1 （GLUT1）， pyruvate dehydrogenase （PDH）， phosphofructokinase 1 （PFK1）， pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 （PDK1）， pyruvate kinase M2 （PKM2）， hexokinase （HK）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， and lactate dehydrogenase A （LDHA） are inhibited. In this way， TCM inhibits the glucose uptake by lung cancer cells and glycolysis in lung cancer cells to reduce the energy metabolism of tumor cells， ultimately achieving the therapeutic effect on lung cancer.

Objective:To compare postural stability and balance in different tasks between people with and without chronic, non-specific low back pain (CNLBP).Methods:Twenty patients with CNLBP formed the study′s CNLBP group, while 25 healthy counterparts were chosen as a normal group. Both groups were tested for their ability to standing on one leg with their eyes closed (the SOLEC test), for postural balance, for postural stability (PST), and had their limits of stability (LOS) time determined. The results were compared.Results:Compared to the normal group, the CNLBP group showed a significant difference in left-right weight-bearing in a bipedal semi-squat and in two-legged alternate standing. Shifting the center of gravity in bipedal standing revealed significant differences in LOS time, anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), mediolateral stability index (MLSI) and overall stability. In bipedal standing with the eyes closed there were significant differences in APSI, MLSI and OSI observed. On average, the CNLBP group had significantly shorter SOLEC and LOS times on the left and rear left sides.Conclusions:The CNLBP patients had some postural control deficits compared to their healthy counterparts and were less able to maintain static balance on their left leg and dynamic balance. They were less able to maintain postural balance in a bipedal semi-squat and during alternate leg standing. They are at greater risk of falling when moving the body′s center of gravity to the left or the rear left side.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of a newly constructed Aβ25-35-based recombinant gene vaccine for Alzheimer's disease(AD).Methods The pcDNA-Aβ25-35-GRP94 recombinant gene vaccine was con-structed using Aβ25-35 as the epitope and pcDNA3.1 plasmid as the vector.Early APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice were selected as experimental subjects,including the AD control group and the pcDNA-Aβ25-35-GRP94 immunized group for regular immunization.ELISA was performed to detect the titers and isotypes of Aβ-specific antibodies;Morris Water Maze(MWM)Test and Open-Field Test(OFT)were performed to determine the changes in both cognitive ability and mental state of mice;Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the effects of the vac-cine on both Aβ plaques and glial cells in the brains of AD mouse models;ELISA kit was used to evaluate the level of inflammatory factors(TNF-α,IL-1β)in the mouse brain.Results Compared with the AD control group,the pcDNA-Aβ25-35-GRP94 vaccine induced APP/PS1 mice to produce higher levels of Aβ specific antibodies(P<0.05),and mainly induced IgG1 antibodies(P<0.01).The vaccine significantly reduced Aβ plaques in the brain tissue(P<0.05)and effectively alleviated learning memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice(P<0.05)without causing mental behavioral abnormalities.Moreover,the vaccine inhibited the abnormal proliferation of glial cells(P<0.05)and did not cause obvious inflammatory reactions in the brain,suggesting the vaccine was safe and effective.Conclusions Early vaccination with a Aβ25-35-based recombinant gene vaccine can induce the formation of high level of Aβ specific antibodies,effectively alleviate the learning memory impairment of AD and related neu-ro-pathological changes.It may be used to treat AD.

Background::The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been rapidly growing in Chinese populations in recent decades, and the shift in eating habits is a key contributing factor to this increase. Eating out of home (EOH) is one of the major shifts in eating habits during this period. However, the influence of EOH on the incidence of T2DM among Chinese urban workers is unknown.Methods::The cross-sectional study involved an analysis of 13,904 urban workers recruited from 11 health examination centers in the major cities of China to explore the relationship between EOH and T2DM between 2013 September and 2016 March.Results::Average weekly EOH frequency ≥10 times was positively associated with increased incidence of T2DM in the sampled population (OR: 1.31 [1.11-1.54], p < 0.01), most notably in participants ≤45 years old (OR: 1.41[1.11-1.80], p < 0.01]) and in males (OR:1.26 [1.06-1.51], p < 0.01). An EOH frequency of 5 times/week appears as a threshold for a significant increase in the odds of T2DM. Weekly EOH frequency ≥5 times was associated with increased odds of T2DM in a dose-response manner in the total population and almost all subgroups ( poverall association < 0.05 and pnonlinearity ≤ 0.05). Conclusion::This study showed that a frequency of EOH (≥5 times/week) was associated with a frequency-dependent increase in the odds of T2DM urban workers in China. More nutrition promotion is needed to improve the eating behavior of Chinese urban workers to reduce T2DM risk.

Background::The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been rapidly growing in Chinese populations in recent decades, and the shift in eating habits is a key contributing factor to this increase. Eating out of home (EOH) is one of the major shifts in eating habits during this period. However, the influence of EOH on the incidence of T2DM among Chinese urban workers is unknown.Methods::The cross-sectional study involved an analysis of 13,904 urban workers recruited from 11 health examination centers in the major cities of China to explore the relationship between EOH and T2DM between 2013 September and 2016 March.Results::Average weekly EOH frequency ≥10 times was positively associated with increased incidence of T2DM in the sampled population (OR: 1.31 [1.11-1.54], p < 0.01), most notably in participants ≤45 years old (OR: 1.41[1.11-1.80], p < 0.01]) and in males (OR:1.26 [1.06-1.51], p < 0.01). An EOH frequency of 5 times/week appears as a threshold for a significant increase in the odds of T2DM. Weekly EOH frequency ≥5 times was associated with increased odds of T2DM in a dose-response manner in the total population and almost all subgroups ( poverall association < 0.05 and pnonlinearity ≤ 0.05). Conclusion::This study showed that a frequency of EOH (≥5 times/week) was associated with a frequency-dependent increase in the odds of T2DM urban workers in China. More nutrition promotion is needed to improve the eating behavior of Chinese urban workers to reduce T2DM risk.

Gastric ulcer(GU)is one of the common,frequently-occurring and intractable diseases of the digestive system.Spleen-stomach deficiency cold type is the most common and hard-to-cure syndrome pattern of GU,and is both a focus and a challenge in medical research.Therefore,constructing a scientific,reasonable,and clinically practical animal model of GU with spleen-stomach deficiency cold type and formulating objective and effective evaluation criteria are of great significance for in-depth research on the pathogenesis and treatment of GU.In this paper,the methods for constructing GU animal models of spleen-stomach deficiency cold type are comprehensively introduced by systematically reviewing the relevant literature.Firstly,the construction methods of pathological models of GU in Western medicine are introduced,including pyloric ligation method,water immersion-restraint stress method,ethanol-induced method,acetic acid-induced method,etc.This paper expounds the establishment methods for spleen-stomach deficiency cold syndrome type model in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),including diet disorder method,bitter cold diarrhea method,excessive fatigue method,Qi consumption and Qi impairment method,and overeating sour-flavor method.This paper focuses on the construction methods for disease-syndrome combination GU models of spleen-stomach deficiency cold type,including two-factor modeling method and three-factor modeling method.Meanwhile,the evaluation indices of GU animal models of spleen-stomach deficiency cold type were summarized from various aspects,including animal physical signs(appearance symptoms,animal behavior,and metabolic indices),as well as tissue morphology and molecular biology-related indicators(gastric function,oxidative stress,inflammatory factors,other cytokines,four coagulation parameters,intestinal flora detection),for constructing a comprehensive evaluation system.From the perspective of prescription-based verification,this paper further analyzes the drug composition and pharmacological effects to infer the syndrome type of the treated animal model,so as to verify whether the target animal model is successfully constructed.This review aims to provide a valuable reference for establishing a syndrome-specific GU animal model that closely aligns with clinical reality and embodies the principles of Chinese medicine.This will further advance research on TCM-pattern GU syndromes and deepen the exploration of herbal medicine-based treatments for GU,ultimately promoting the clinical integration and advancement of Chinese medicine in GU therapy.

Gastric ulcer(GU)is one of the common,frequently-occurring and intractable diseases of the digestive system.Spleen-stomach deficiency cold type is the most common and hard-to-cure syndrome pattern of GU,and is both a focus and a challenge in medical research.Therefore,constructing a scientific,reasonable,and clinically practical animal model of GU with spleen-stomach deficiency cold type and formulating objective and effective evaluation criteria are of great significance for in-depth research on the pathogenesis and treatment of GU.In this paper,the methods for constructing GU animal models of spleen-stomach deficiency cold type are comprehensively introduced by systematically reviewing the relevant literature.Firstly,the construction methods of pathological models of GU in Western medicine are introduced,including pyloric ligation method,water immersion-restraint stress method,ethanol-induced method,acetic acid-induced method,etc.This paper expounds the establishment methods for spleen-stomach deficiency cold syndrome type model in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),including diet disorder method,bitter cold diarrhea method,excessive fatigue method,Qi consumption and Qi impairment method,and overeating sour-flavor method.This paper focuses on the construction methods for disease-syndrome combination GU models of spleen-stomach deficiency cold type,including two-factor modeling method and three-factor modeling method.Meanwhile,the evaluation indices of GU animal models of spleen-stomach deficiency cold type were summarized from various aspects,including animal physical signs(appearance symptoms,animal behavior,and metabolic indices),as well as tissue morphology and molecular biology-related indicators(gastric function,oxidative stress,inflammatory factors,other cytokines,four coagulation parameters,intestinal flora detection),for constructing a comprehensive evaluation system.From the perspective of prescription-based verification,this paper further analyzes the drug composition and pharmacological effects to infer the syndrome type of the treated animal model,so as to verify whether the target animal model is successfully constructed.This review aims to provide a valuable reference for establishing a syndrome-specific GU animal model that closely aligns with clinical reality and embodies the principles of Chinese medicine.This will further advance research on TCM-pattern GU syndromes and deepen the exploration of herbal medicine-based treatments for GU,ultimately promoting the clinical integration and advancement of Chinese medicine in GU therapy.

Objective:To compare postural stability and balance in different tasks between people with and without chronic, non-specific low back pain (CNLBP).Methods:Twenty patients with CNLBP formed the study′s CNLBP group, while 25 healthy counterparts were chosen as a normal group. Both groups were tested for their ability to standing on one leg with their eyes closed (the SOLEC test), for postural balance, for postural stability (PST), and had their limits of stability (LOS) time determined. The results were compared.Results:Compared to the normal group, the CNLBP group showed a significant difference in left-right weight-bearing in a bipedal semi-squat and in two-legged alternate standing. Shifting the center of gravity in bipedal standing revealed significant differences in LOS time, anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), mediolateral stability index (MLSI) and overall stability. In bipedal standing with the eyes closed there were significant differences in APSI, MLSI and OSI observed. On average, the CNLBP group had significantly shorter SOLEC and LOS times on the left and rear left sides.Conclusions:The CNLBP patients had some postural control deficits compared to their healthy counterparts and were less able to maintain static balance on their left leg and dynamic balance. They were less able to maintain postural balance in a bipedal semi-squat and during alternate leg standing. They are at greater risk of falling when moving the body′s center of gravity to the left or the rear left side.

Objective To explore the application effect of"three-station"teaching rounds in standardized training teach-ing rounds of general surgery residents.Methods 50 trained doctors from the general surgical base from July 2022 to July 2023 were randomly selected and divided into two groups,with 25 patients in each.The observation group used a"three-station"teaching ward round,while the control group used a traditional teaching ward round mode.The exam scores,ward round effects,satisfaction,and experience were compared.Results The total scores of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P＜0.05),and the scores of the medical history collection and physical examination in the case anal-ysis test and skill test were significantly higher than those of the control group(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the theoretical test scores between the two groups(P＞0.05).The proportion of"Yes"in the questionnaire of the observation group was higher than that of the control group in the aspects of improving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases,clinical think-ing,doctor-patient communication ability and increasing learning interest(P＜0.05).The satisfaction of questionnaire teaching round in the observation group was 84.0％,significantly higher than that in the control group(60.0％)(P＜0.05).In the observation group,the percentages of the attending physicians and the teaching rounds were 64.0％and 68.0％,respectively,which were significantly higher than those of the control group(28.0％and 32.0％,P＜0.05).Conclusion The"three-sta-tion"teaching ward round can improve the exam scores,ward round effectiveness and satisfaction,improve the experience of attending physicians and teaching ward round subjects,and is worth promoting in various resident training bases.