Objective To investigate serum levels of food intake inhibitory factor-1(Nesfatin-1)and Klotho and their predictive value for secondary mild cognitive impairment(MCI)in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods A total of 118 elderly patients with T2DM diagnosed and treated in the hospital from April 2023 to March 2024 were selected as the T2DM group,and they were divided into the non-MCI group(n=71)and the MCI group(n=47)according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment(Mo-CA)scale.In addition,110 healthy people in the same hospital during the same period were selected as the control group.The clinical data of the patients were collected.Serum Nesfatin-1 and Klotho levels were detec-ted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Spearman and Pearson correlation analysis were used to analyze the correlation of serum Nesfatin-1 and Klotho levels with MoCA score and related clinical indicators in elder-ly patients with T2DM.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors for secondary MCI in elderly patients with T2DM.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of serum Nesfatin-1 and Klotho levels for secondary MCI in elderly patients with T2DM.Results Compared with control group,the serum levels of Nesfatin-1 and Klotho were significantly decreased in T2DM group(P<0.05).The serum levels of Nesfatin-1 and Klotho in MCI group were signifi-cantly lower than those in non-MCI group(P<0.05).Compared with the non-MCI group,the levels of fast-ing plasma glucose(FPG),insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR),reactive oxygen species(ROS)and C-reac-tive protein(CRP)were significantly increased in the MCI group(all P<0.05),and were negatively correla-ted with serum Nesfatin-1 and Klotho levels(all P<0.05).The serum levels of Nesfatin-1 and Klotho were positively correlated with MoCA score(P<0.05).Increased levels of FPG and ROS and decreased levels of Nesfatin-1 and Klotho were risk factors for secondary MCI in T2DM patients(P<0.05).The area under the curve of serum Nesfatin-1,Klotho and their combination for predicting secondary MCI in T2DM patients was 0.803,0.829 and 0.932,respectively.The combined prediction of serum nesfatin-1 and Klotho was better than each index alone(Zcombined-Nesfatin-1=3.421,P=0.001,Zcombined-Klotho=2.980,P=0.003).Conclusion The serum lev-els of Nesfatin-1 and Klotho are decreased in T2DM patients,which are significantly correlated with secondary MCI in T2DM patients,and both of them have high predictive value for secondary MCI in T2DM patients.

Objective: To study the effects of peer attachment and loneliness on self-esteem and to provide suggestions for the development of self-esteem among children in rural area. Methods: A total of 1 009 fourth to sixth graders from ten primary schools in rural area of Sichuan and Henan Provinces participated in this longitudinal study. The self-esteem, peer attachment and loneliness were assessed at baseline, and the selfesteem was assessed after 9-month follow up. Results: After controlling for age, gender, whether parents migrate to work in urban area and self-esteem, peer attachment( β =0.14)and loneliness at Time 1 ( β = -0.13 ) were found to significantly predict self-esteem at Time 2. In addition, the interaction between loneliness at Time 1 and peer attachment at Time 1 on self-esteem at Time 2 was significant( β =-0.08)( P <0.01). Specifically, the relation between peer attachment at Time 1 and selfesteem at Time 2 was greater when children had low level of loneliness at Time 1. Conclusion The findings indicated that initial low level of loneliness facilitates the protective effect of initial peer attachment on later self-esteem. It reminds parents and educators that both promoting children’s secure attachment towards peers and reducing children’s sense of loneliness are needed in order to develop children’s self-esteem in rural area.

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the presentation of color knowledge and the motion knowledge. Methods39 patients with brain injury and 39 healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. They were tested with the color attribute judgment task and the motion attribute judgment task. Group analysis and case analysis were taken to investigate the correlation and dissociation between these two tasks. ResultsGroup analysis revealed a positive correlation between the color attribute judgment and the motion attribute judgment task. As for case analysis, 5 patients showed significantly better performance on color attribution judgment than motion attribution judgment. In contrast, another 5 patients showed significantly better performance on motion attribute judgment than color attribute judgment. ConclusionColor knowledge and motion knowledge are represented independently in the brain, which is consistent with the distributed semantic memory theory.

ObjectiveTo study the relationship between representations of verbal sound and non-verbal sound in the brain. Methods39 patients with brain injury and 39 healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. They were tested with the sound-verification task (a non-verbal sound test) and the sound attribute judgment task (a verbal sound test). The software developed by Crawford and Garthwaite was used for data analysis. ResultsGroup analysis revealed a positive correlation between the verbal sound test and non-verbal sound test. As for case analysis, some patients were impaired in the comprehension of verbal sound test, but normal in the comprehension of non-verbal sound test. In contrast, some patients were impaired in the comprehension of non-verbal sound test, but normal in the comprehension of verbal sound test. ConclusionVerbal sound and non-verbal sound are represented independently in the brain. In the process of language rehabilitation of aphasia, attention should not only be paid to verbal sound training, but also to non-verbal sound training.

ObjectiveToevaluatethelevelofsemanticmemoryofpatientswithbraininjuryusinglocalizationofsemanticmemorytest,andtocomparethedifferenceofsemanticmemorybetweenpatientgroupandnormalcontrolgroup,andtoanalyzetherelationshipbetweensemanticmemoryimpairmentandthepositionofbraininjury.Methods25patientswithbraininjury(16withleft braininjury,9withrightbraininjury)and24normalpersonsweretestedwithassociationjudgmenttestofpictureandwordversion.ResultsThescoresofassociationjudgmenttestofbothpictureandwordversionwerelowerinleftbraininjuredpatientsthan normalcontrols(P<001)orrightbraininjured(P<005).Thescoresofpicturecorrelatedwithwordversion(r=0542,P<001).Theincidenceofsemanticmemoryimpairmentwasmoreinleftbraininjurythanright(P<001),aswellasintheleftbasal gangliainjurythanright(P<005).ConclusionAssociationjudgmenttestofpictureandwordversioncanbeusedtoevaluatethe levelofsemanticmemoryofpatients.Semanticmemoryimpairmentisoftenseeninpatientswithbraininjury.Semanticmemoryis lefthemispherelateralized.