The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

Objective To investigate the refractive development parameters of primary school students aged 7 to 12 years in Chuxiong City,Yunnan Province,analyze their relationship with equivalent spherical power(SE),and evaluate the monitoring role of refractive parameters in myopia.Methods A total of 1463 primary school students aged 7-12 from Beipu Primary School in Chuxiong City,Yunnan Province were selected.Spherical degree(DS),cylindrical degree(DC),and equivalent spherical degree(SE)were obtained using a computer autorefractor.Axial length(AL),corneal curvature(K1,K2),anterior chamber depth(ACD),central corneal thickness(CCT),lens thickness(LT),and vitreous depth(VD)were measured using a biometer.The corneal curvature radius(CR),the ratio of axial length to corneal curvature radius(AL/CR),and lens power(LP)were calculated.Participants were divided into 7～8 years old group(n=518),9～10 years old group(n=547),and 11～12 years old group(n=398)according to age;and categorized into myopic group(n=647),emmetropic group(n=532),and hyperopic group(n=284)based on refractive status to analyze the characteristics of refractive parameters and their impact across different age groups and refractive categories.Results(1)SE,DS,LT,and LP decreased with age(P<0.05);(2)AL,AL/CR,ACD,and VD increased with age(P<0.05);(3)K,CR and CCT showed no significant change with age(P>0.05);(4)In both myopic and hyperopic groups,AL was negatively correlated with SE(rs=-0.617,rs=-0.318,both P<0.05),AL/CR was negatively correlated with SE(rs=-0.737,rs=-0.406,both P<0.05),LP was positively correlated with SE(rs=0.412,rs=0.182,both P<0.05),while CR showed no correlation with SE(P>0.05).Conclusion The refractive development parameters AL,AL/CR,ACD,and VD increased with age in primary school students aged 7 to 12,while SE,DS,LT,and LP decreased with age,and K,CR,and CCT showed no significant changes.AL/CR and AL can serve as monitoring indicators for myopia,with AL/CR demonstrating a higher correlation with SE than AL.

Objective To investigate the effects of locally and systemically administered alendronate on wear-debris induced osteolysis in vivo. Methods Endotnxin-free titanium particles were injected into rabbit femurs prior to insertion of a non-weight-bearing polymethylmethacrylate plug into the distal femur canal. Then the particles were repeatedly injected into the knee 2, 4 and 6 weeks after the implantation. Alendronate was incorporated into bone cement for local delivery at three different concentrations [0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 weight%(wt%)]. For systemic delivery, alendronate was subcutaneously injected ( 1.0 mg· kg-1·week-1).Results Eight weeks after operation, there was significant evidence of osteolysis surrounding the plug in the control group, while markedly-blocked osteolysis was noted in the local delivery group (0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt%), and the systemic delivery group. It was found that alendronate had improved peri-prosthetic bone mineral density in a dose-effect model. Notably, no significant difference was found between local delivery of 0.5 wt% alendronate and systemic delivery in bone mineral density and implant fixation. Conclusion Alendronate-loaded bone cement (0.5 wt% ) may be as effective as the systemic delivery in inhibiting titanium particle-induced osteolysis.