This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Objective To understand the current situation of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in China,pro-vide data support and decision-making basis for formulating scientific and effective strategies for HAI prevention and control.Methods A nationwide cross-sectional survey on HAI was conducted among various types and levels of medical institutions in China according to a unified protocol of bedside surveys and case investigations.Results In 2024,a total of 5 736 medical institutions and 2 751 765 patients were surveyed.Among them,34 889 HAI cases were identified,with a prevalence rate of 1.27％.The number of HAI episodes was 38 032,and case prevalence rate was 1.38％.The prevalence rate of HAI in medical institutions in different regions of China ranged from 0.66％to 2.35％.Among medical institutions of different scales,those with a bed capacity of ≥900 had the high-est incidence of HAI,reaching 1.65％.The most common infection site was the lower respiratory tract(44.66％),followed by the urinary tract(12.94％),surgical site(9.32％),upper respiratory tract(7.02％),and bloodstream infection(5.78％).The top 3 departments with the highest HAI rates were the general intensive care unit(10.02％),department of neurosurgery(5.51％),and department(group)of hematology(5.34％).A total of 23 238 strains of HAI pathogens were detected,with 10 714 strains(46.10％)from lower respiratory tract speci-mens.The top 5 detected strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae(14.76％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(13.33％),Escherichia coli(12.79％),Acinetobacter baumannii(9.23％),and Staphylococcus aureus(7.88％).231 944 pa-tients underwent class Ⅰ incision surgery were monitored,with 1 647 cases experienced surgical site infection,and the prevalence rate of surgical site infection was 0.71％.The number of patients who should undergo pathogen de-tection(patients receiving therapeutic and therapeutic combined prophylactic antimicrobial agents)was 715 179,while the actual number was 480 492,with a pathogen detection rate of 67.18％.425 225 patients received patho-genic detection before treatment,with a detection rate of 59.46％.Conclusion The overall HAI prevalence in Chi-na is lower,showing disparities among medical institutions of different regions and scales.Therefore,precise imple-mentation of measures is necessary for HAI prevention and control,with a focus on high-risk institutions and high-risk departments,key areas,and critical procedures.All levels of medical institutions should continuously reduce the incidence of HAI by strengthening monitoring,standardizing the use of antimicrobial agents,and reinforcing basic HAI prevention and control measures.

In this study,the carboxylated magnetic beads were coupled with bivalent nanobodies a-gainst porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)M protein to construct immunomagnetic beads(IM-NBs-Ⅱ),The capture and enrichment function of IMNBs-Ⅱ was verified by using PEDV propaga-ted in Vero cells.A one-step RT-qPCR detection method for PEDV was established by combining the characteristics of IMNBs-Ⅱ with the detection advantages of reverse transcription fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR).Specific analysis found that this method has no cross reactivity with swine fever virus,porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,por-cine parvovirus,porcine circovirus,indicating that it has good specificity.Sensitivity analysis re-vealed that the detection sensitivity of the RT-qPCR based on IMNBs-Ⅱ was increased 10 times compared to traditional RT-qPCR methods.Detection of the clinical samples confirm that the RT qPCR method based on IMNBs-Ⅱ is suitable for rapid and accurate detection of clinical feces and tissue samples.The method established in this study effectively avoids contamination issues during nucleic acid extraction,simplifies experimental procedures,and saves detection time,which pro-vides a method for efficient detection of PEDV.

To evaluate the immunogenicity and immunoprotective effects of a tRNA thiouridylase TgMnmA deletion strain of Toxoplasma gondii(T.gondii)on ICR mice,we constructed a mouse model immunized with RH△MnmA.Mice were immunized with 10 RH△MnmA tachyzoites by in-traperitoneal injection.After 30 d,indirect ELISA was used to detect the specific IgG antibody and its subtypes of immunized mice.Spleen lymphocyte suspension was prepared,and the splenic lym-phocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry.Moreover,the relative expression level of cyto-kine mRNA was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.After 30 d of immunization,mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with RH△ku80 tachyzoites.At 5 d post infection,the para-site load in the ascites,heart,liver and brain of mice was measured,and the survival of mice within 30 d after infection was observed and recorded.The results showed that compared with the control PBS group,RH△MnmA immunized group produced higher level of IgG and IgG2a antibodies,higher mRNA relative expression level of cytokines IL-2,IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,IL-12 and IFN-γ,and the number of CD4+and CD8a+in spleen lymphocytes also increased significantly.Mean-while,for the attack of RH△ku80 strain,the immune group can effectively reduce the parasite load in the ascites and some tissues,inhibit the reproduction of parasites In vivo,and significantly improve the survival rate of mice.The results of this study showed that the TgMnmA deletion strain of T.gondii can induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice,and provide good immune protection against the infection of RHΔku80 strain,which has the potential to be-come a potentially promising live attenuated vaccine candidate against T.gondii.

Nitrogen oxides(NOx=NO+NO2)are important precursors of ozone(O3),and NOx and its oxides together constitute reactive nitrogen oxides(NOy)in the atmosphere.A comprehensive understanding of the total NOy level in the atmosphere is of great significance for a deeper understanding of the atmospheric nitrogen cycle and oxidation,as well as for formulating strategies for air pollution prevention and control.In this work,a thermal decomposition-broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy(TD-BBCEAS)technique for online measurement of total NOy in the atmosphere was developed.With this method,the NOy was efficiently converted into NO2,and the total NOy concentration in the atmosphere was indirectly obtained by measuring NO2.Focusing on the key factors affecting the measurement of total NOy,the influence of NO titration efficiency and other NOy component TD efficiency on measurement accuracy was emphasized.By changing the oxygen(O2)flow rate through the mercury lamp to alter the O3 concentration for titrating NO,the conversion efficiency of NO was evaluated.At O2 flow rate of 6 mL/min,the conversion efficiency of NO was greater than 99%.TD efficiency testing and analysis on NO2,peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN),nitric acid(HNO3),and nitrous acid(HONO),which account for a large proportion of atmospheric NOy components,was carried out using 680℃as the optimal TD temperature for efficient conversion of NOy.With NO and HONO sample gases as typical verification gases,the conversion efficiency of NOy and the accuracy of NOy measurement by TD-BBCEAS system were verified by switching the on and off modes of mercury lamp and TD device.At integration time of 60 s,the detection limit of the system for NOy was 2.83×1010 molecules/cm3(60 s,2σ).A comparative measurement of actual atmospheric NOy was conducted between the TD-BBCEAS system and the NOy analyzer.The observation results showed a correlation coefficient(R2)of 0.98 and a slope of 0.93,further verifying the feasibility and accuracy of applying the TD-BBCEAS system to measurement of total NOy.

The coil adverse events in the U.S.Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience(MAUDE)database from January 2021 to June 2024 were analyzed retrospectively.The risks of coils during the clinical application and their causes were explored with hospital survey and expert demonstration in Shandong Province.Some improving measures were put forward for the safe use of coils,including implementing the main responsibility of the registrant,enhancing the professional skills of the using institutions and strengthening the supervision of the supervisory authorities.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(6):83-87]

The coil adverse events in the U.S.Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience(MAUDE)database from January 2021 to June 2024 were analyzed retrospectively.The risks of coils during the clinical application and their causes were explored with hospital survey and expert demonstration in Shandong Province.Some improving measures were put forward for the safe use of coils,including implementing the main responsibility of the registrant,enhancing the professional skills of the using institutions and strengthening the supervision of the supervisory authorities.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(6):83-87]

To evaluate the immunogenicity and immunoprotective effects of a tRNA thiouridylase TgMnmA deletion strain of Toxoplasma gondii(T.gondii)on ICR mice,we constructed a mouse model immunized with RH△MnmA.Mice were immunized with 10 RH△MnmA tachyzoites by in-traperitoneal injection.After 30 d,indirect ELISA was used to detect the specific IgG antibody and its subtypes of immunized mice.Spleen lymphocyte suspension was prepared,and the splenic lym-phocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry.Moreover,the relative expression level of cyto-kine mRNA was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.After 30 d of immunization,mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with RH△ku80 tachyzoites.At 5 d post infection,the para-site load in the ascites,heart,liver and brain of mice was measured,and the survival of mice within 30 d after infection was observed and recorded.The results showed that compared with the control PBS group,RH△MnmA immunized group produced higher level of IgG and IgG2a antibodies,higher mRNA relative expression level of cytokines IL-2,IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,IL-12 and IFN-γ,and the number of CD4+and CD8a+in spleen lymphocytes also increased significantly.Mean-while,for the attack of RH△ku80 strain,the immune group can effectively reduce the parasite load in the ascites and some tissues,inhibit the reproduction of parasites In vivo,and significantly improve the survival rate of mice.The results of this study showed that the TgMnmA deletion strain of T.gondii can induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice,and provide good immune protection against the infection of RHΔku80 strain,which has the potential to be-come a potentially promising live attenuated vaccine candidate against T.gondii.

Early correction of childhood malocclusion is timely managing morphological, structural, and functional abnormalities at different dentomaxillofacial developmental stages. The selection of appropriate imaging examination and comprehensive radiological diagnosis and analysis play an important role in early correction of childhood malocclusion. This expert consensus is a collaborative effort by multidisciplinary experts in dentistry across the nation based on the current clinical evidence, aiming to provide general guidance on appropriate imaging examination selection, comprehensive and accurate imaging assessment for early orthodontic treatment patients.
Humans ; Malocclusion/diagnostic imaging* ; Child ; Consensus

The chemical constituents of Commiphora myrrha was investigated by column chromatography on silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20, and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, MS, NMR, as well as ECD calculation. Seven compounds were isolated from the dichloromethane-soluble fraction of C. myrrha and their structures were identified as(1S,2R,4S,5R,8S)-guaiane-2-hydroxy-7(11),10(15)-dien-6-oxo-12,8-olide(1), commipholide E(2), myrrhterpenoid H(3), myrrhterpenoid I(4), myrrhterpenoid E(5), 2α-methoxy-8α-hydroxy-6-oxogermacra-1(10),7(11)-dien-8,12-olide(6), 8,12-epoxy-1α,9α-hydroxy-eudesma-7,11-diene-6-dione(7). Compound 1 was a new compound and named myrrhterpenoid P. Compound 7 was isolated from Commiphora genus for the first time. Compounds 2, 5, and 6 significantly inhibited nitric oxide(NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, with IC_(50) values of(49.67±4.16),(40.80±1.27),(47.22±0.87) μmol·L~(-1), respectively [indomethacin as the positive control, with IC_(50) value of(63.92±2.60) μmol·L~(-1)].
Commiphora/chemistry* ; Animals ; Mice ; Resins, Plant/chemistry* ; Sesquiterpenes/isolation & purification* ; Molecular Structure ; Nitric Oxide ; Macrophages/metabolism* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology*