ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemic trends, key populations, and high-risk area characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Ningbo from 2018 to 2023, and to provide evidence-based references for optimizing prevention strategies and precise allocation of prevention and control resources. MethodsData on HFMD cases with current addresses in Ningbo from 2018 to 2023 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD. Global spatial autocorrelation analyses were applied to detect spatial clustering of HFMD, and spatiotemporal scan analyses were conducted to identify spatiotemporal clusters. ResultsA total of 116 967 HFMD cases, were reported of which 2 were severe and none were fatal. The average annual incidence rate was 206.33 per 100 000 population, showing an overall declining trend. Seasonal patterns were observed, with bimodal distributions in 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022 (main peak from May to July; secondary peak from September to November), and unimodal distributions in 2020 (peak from October to December) and 2023 (peak from July to October). Children aged 5 years and under accounted for the majority of cases (104 634 cases, 89.46%), with a mean age of (3.48±3.29) years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.44∶1. Children cared for at home (56.39%) and those attending kindergarten (35.97%) were the predominant populations. The highest average incidence rate was observed in Ninghai County (261.46/100 000), and the lowest in Fenghua District (152.46/100 000), while the average incidence rates in most districts/counties ranged from 188.22 to 226.53 per 100 000 population. The highest incidence rate was observed in areas classified as urban-rural fringes (240.08 per 100 000 population). Spatial analyses revealed global clustering in 2020 (Moran’s I=0.35, P<0.05), with hotspots concentrated in Ninghai county and Xiangshan county. Spatiotemporal scan analyses identified significant clusters each year from 2018 to 2023. The strongest cluster was detected in Cixi City from May to September in 2018 (LLR=27 249.53, RR=13.06, P<0.01), followed by Yinzhou District from April to October in 2019 (LLR=25 172.16, RR=10.61, P<0.01). ConclusionThe overall incidence of HFMD in Ningbo City shows a declining trend. The disease shows bimodal (spring-summer and autumn-winter) or unimodal (autumn-winter) seasonal patterns. Cases are predominantly seen in boys aged 5 years and under, and who are cared for at home or attend kindergarten、 High-risk areas are concentrated in southern counties (Ninghai and Xiangshan). It is recommended to strengthen health education and vaccination coverage for children aged 5 years and under, and to implement dynamic surveillance and targeted interventions in key areas during high-incidence seasons, so as to reduce transmission and spread.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is a chronic liver disease closely related to metabolism， which is mainly characterized by abnormal lipid deposition in hepatocytes. In recent years， with the increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome， NAFLD has become one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and varied， involving the cross-regulation of multiple signaling pathways such as glucose-lipid metabolism， oxidative stress， and inflammation. The TLR4 signaling pathway plays a key role in the development and progression of NAFLD， and abnormal activation of this pathway accelerates the deterioration of NAFLD by promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines， inducing oxidative stress， and exacerbating insulin resistance. Studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） can regulate the TLR4 signaling pathway to alleviate the symptoms and pathological features of NAFLD. The present review summarizes the experimental research progress in the TCM regulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway in treating NAFLD in the past 5 years， covering a wide range of TCM active ingredients （such as polysaccharides， terpenoids， alkaloids， flavonoids） and compound prescriptions. The active ingredients and compound prescriptions of TCM can effectively ameliorate lipid metabolism disorders， reduce insulin resistance， regulate intestinal flora， and inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress by regulating the TLR4 signaling pathway via multiple targets and pathways， thus slowing down the progression of NAFLD. Through in-depth analysis of the pathological mechanisms of NAFLD and exploration of the potential of TLR4 signaling pathway as a therapeutic target， we can provide theoretical support for the application of TCM in the treatment of NAFLD， as well as new perspectives and directions for future clinical research and new drug development， thereby promoting the innovation and development of therapeutic strategies for NAFLD.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic and endocrine disorder. Long-term hyperglycemia can lead to severe chronic complications, imposing substantial economic burdens on both society and patients. Despite the availability of various hypoglycemic agents for clinical use, these agents often fail to meet the therapeutic needs of T2DM and its complications. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies and drugs. Lithocarpus litseifolius(L. litseifolius), commonly referred to as "cordyceps on trees", has a long history of use in traditional medicine and can be applied in tea, sugar, and medicine. Research indicates that L. litseifolius extracts are rich in dihydrochalcones, including trilobatin, phloridzin, and phloretin, which exhibit a range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects. These properties suggest potential applications in the treatment of T2DM and its complications. This review systematically compiled and organized the relevant literature from the past decade on dihydrochalcones(trilobatin, phloridzin, and phloretin) from L. litseifolius extracts. It highlighted recent research progress regarding their role in treating T2DM and its complications through mechanisms such as reducing insulin resistance, regulating glucose transport, improving glucose and lipid metabolism, modulating enzyme activity, regulating gut microbiota, and alleviating inflammation and oxidative damage. The purpose of this review is to provide a reference and basis for future research on the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its complications using dihydrochalcones(trilobatin, phloridzin, and phloretin) from L. litseifolius extracts.
Chalcones/chemistry* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism* ; Humans ; Animals ; Elaeocarpaceae/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry* ; Plant Extracts/chemistry*

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the effect of Huanglian-Renshen-Decoction (HRD) on ameliorating type 2 diabetes mellitus by maintaining islet β -cell identity through regulating paracrine and endocrine glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in both islet and intestine. METHODS: The db/db mice were divided into the model (distilled water), low-dose HRD (LHRD, 3 g/kg), high-dose HRD (HHRD, 6 g/kg), and liraglutide (400 µ g/kg) groups using a random number table, 8 mice in each group. The db/m mice were used as the control group (n=8, distilled water). The entire treatment of mice lasted for 6 weeks. Blood insulin, glucose, and GLP-1 levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The proliferation and apoptosis factors of islet cells were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Then, GLP-1, GLP-1R, prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), PC2, v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homologue A (MafA), and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) were detected by Western blot, IHC, IF, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS: HRD reduced the weight and blood glucose of the db/db mice, and improved insulin sensitivity at the same time (P<0.05 or P<0.01). HRD also promoted mice to secrete more insulin and less glucagon (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, it also increased the number of islet β cell and decreased islet α cell mass (P<0.01). After HRD treatment, the levels of GLP-1, GLP-1R, PC1/3, PC2, MafA, and PDX1 in the pancreas and intestine significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION HRD can maintain the normal function and identity of islet β cell, and the underlying mechanism is related to promoting the paracrine and endocrine activation of GLP-1 in pancreas and intestine.
Animals ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism* ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/metabolism* ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Male ; Blood Glucose/metabolism* ; Insulin/blood* ; Mice ; Intestinal Mucosa/pathology* ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects* ; Islets of Langerhans/pathology*

Renshen Pingfei San,formulated by Li Dongyuan,a physician of the Earth-Tonifying School during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties,is a classic prescription for invigorating qi and clearing the lungs,and was originally used to treat lung atrophy due to the punishment of the lung by heart fire.Later physicians have expanded its applications.By sorting out the origins and development of this prescription,comparing its formulation and compatibility characteristics with Xiebai San,and the evolved formulations and expanded application scope in later generations,support is provided for the clinical application of Renshen Pingfei San.

Objective To investigate the coagulation effect of a cold atmospheric plasma(CAP)jet device with helium as the working gas and to study its coagulation mechanism preliminarily.Methods A CAP jet device treatment group,a helium airflow treatment group,a hot air treatment group(60℃)and a natural coagulation group were formed according to the treatment modes of the blood samples,with 10 μL of blood samples involved in each group,in order to validate the coagulation effect of the CAP jet device in vitro;the coagulation mechanism of the CAP jet device was explored by its application to the treatment of anticoagulated whole blood,platelet-rich plasma and platelet-depleted plasma;the coagulation effect of the CAP jet device in vivo was verified with a mouse liver punctate hemorrhage model and a rabbit mesenteric hemorrhage model.Results The CAP jet device can significantly accelerate the coagulation of anticoagulated blood droplets,and the coagulation time of anticoagulated blood droplets in the CAP jet device-treated group was shortened from 28 min in the natural coagulation group to(23±1.56)s,with the difference statistically significant(P<0.05),and the CAP jet device treatment group gained advantages significantly over the helium airflow treatment group(P<0.05)and the hot air(60℃)treatment group(P<0.05)in coagulation-promoting effect;the procoagulant effect of the CAP jet device rose with the increase of platelet content in blood droplets,and the coagulation effect of platelet-rich blood droplets was significantly better than that of whole blood(P<0.05),while no coagulation was observed in platelet-poor droplets.The CAP jet device could rapidly stop hemostasis of punctate hemorrhage in mouse liver and mesenteric hemorrhage in rabbits without delayed hemorrhage occurring within 10 min,and no obvious structural abnormality of the liver and thermal damage of the tissue were found microscopically.Conclusion The CAP jet device plays procoagulant and hemostatic effects in vivo and in vitro,and its effect is not dependent on temperature and airflow evaporation effects and is considered to be related to platelet activation,with low thermal damage to living tissue.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(6):20-27]

As a cheap and effective antibiotic,sulfonamides are often used in animal husbandry.However,their residues in animal-derived foodstuffs will threaten human health.Consequently,a high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method integrated with supramolecular solvent microextraction was successfully established for simultaneous quantification of sulfonamide residues sulfachlorpyridazine,sulfamethoxazole,sulfamethoxypyridazine and sulfadimethoxine in milk matrices.This approach exhibited prominent characteristics of operational simplicity,environmental sustainability,and high extraction efficiency.The supramolecular solvents prepared by tributyl octylphosphine tetrafluoroborate and tetrahydrofuran were employed as extraction solvents.The analytes underwent isolation and concentration via dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction(DLLME)prior to quantitative determination using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The composition and microscopic morphology of the supramolecular solvent were characterized through a series of analytical techniques,including phase diagram,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and inverted fluorescence microscopy and so on.The density and pH value of supramolecular solvents were determined.The extraction conditions were optimized through the one-factor experiments.The experimental results demonstrated that under the optimal extraction conditions,the four kinds of sulfonamide antibiotics exhibited excellent linearity within respective detection range(R2 ≥ 0.9998)and the limits of detection(LOD)were 0.67-1.45 μg/L.Compared with literature methods,this approach offered some advantages such as simplicity of operation and less reagent consumption,and could be used for analysis and detection of sulfonamide antibiotic residues in milk samples.The present method provided technical support for food safety regulation and paved a new way for the application of supramolecular solvents in the field of extraction and separation.

Objective:To explore the protective effect of small ubiquitin-related moditier protein specific peptidase 2 (SENP2) on acute kidney injury in septic mice by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation.Methods:Forty C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups: namely the wild-type sham group (WT-Sham), wild-type cecal ligation and perforation group (WT-CLP), SENP2 gene knockout sham group (KO-Sham), and SENP2 gene knockout cecal ligation and perforation group (KO-CLP), with 10 mice in each group. It was observed the pathological damage of kidney tissue in each group of mice, used ELISA method to detect blood creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma neutrophil gelatinase related lipoprotein (pNGAL), and plasma kidney injury molecule 1 (pKIM-1) levels, and determined plasma TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10 levels. It was used immunohistochemical method to detect the expression of SENP2 protein in renal tissue, while used western-blotting to detect NLRP3, IL-1β, Caspase-1 and ASC protein expression in renal tissue.Results:Compared with the WT-Sham and KO-Sham groups, in the WT-CLP and KO-CLP groups, the pathological damage scores of the kidney tissue and the levels of SCr, BUN, pNGAL, pKIM-1, TNF-α and IL-1β in plasma were all significantly increased (all P<0.001), while the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were all significantly reduced (all P<0.001), and the levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, Caspase-1 and ASC proteins were all significantly increased (all P<0.001). Moreover, compared with the WT-CLP group, the KO-CLP group showed a significant decrease in renal tissue injury scores in mice ( P?0.01), the levels of SCr, BUN, pNGAL, pKIM-1, TNF-α and IL-1β were all significantly reduced (all P<0.05), and the levels of NLRP3 [(0.71 ± 0.04) vs. (0.89 ± 0.01), P=0.011], IL-1β [(0.41 ± 0.02) vs. (0.57 ± 0.01), P=0.004], Caspase-1 [(0.41 ± 0.02) vs. (0.56 ± 0.02), P=0.009], and ASC [(0.27 ± 0.01) vs. (0.41 ± 0.02), P=0.009] were all significantly reduced. Conclusion:SENP2 participates in the occurrence and development of septic AKI by regulating the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes.

Objective:To introduce a surgical technique utilizing suture plate fixation for the treatment of elbow "terrible triad" injuries and to evaluate its clinical outcomes.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 11 patients (9 males and 2 females; mean age: 40.5±9.0 years, range: 26-53 years) with elbow terrible triad injuries who underwent treatment via a single lateral approach (Kaplan approach) combined with loop plate fixation at the Trauma Emergency Center of the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University between January 2018 and July 2022. During surgery, coronoid process fractures were stabilized using loop plates. Among the radial head fractures, 7 cases were fixed with headless compression screws, while 4 cases underwent radial head prosthetic replacement. Additionally, the lateral collateral ligament complex and common extensor tendon origin were repaired using one suture anchor in all cases. Postoperative evaluations included elbow range of motion (ROM), encompassing flexion-extension and forearm pronation-supination. Radiographic assessments were performed to evaluate the alignment of the humeroradial and humeroulnar joints, degenerative changes, and heterotopic ossification. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) during follow-up.Results:All surgeries were successfully completed without intraoperative complications such as neurovascular injuries. Primary wound healing was achieved in all cases, with no instances of infection or other early complications. The mean follow-up duration was 15.55±3.78 months (range, 12-24 months). At 2 weeks postoperatively, the mean flexion-extension ROM was 66.82°±6.69°, forearm rotation ROM was 132.55°±10.61°, and MEPS was 62.73±3.44 points. By 3 months postoperatively, these values improved to 99.27°±10.82°, 159.18°±9.18°, and 83.18±10.31 points, respectively. At the final follow-up, further improvements were observed, with flexion-extension ROM reaching 115.18°±4.29°, forearm rotation ROM 164.73°±8.71°, and MEPS 95.45±7.89 points. Statistical analysis revealed significant increases in flexion-extension ROM ( F=268.014, P<0.001), forearm rotation ROM ( F=67.621, P<0.001), and MEPS ( F= 63.100, P<0.001) over time. At the final follow-up, MEPS outcomes were rated as excellent in 9 cases and good in 2 cases, yielding an excellent-to-good rate of 100%. Radiographic evaluation confirmed satisfactory joint alignment and bony union in all patients, with no reports of significant pain, elbow instability, or neurological deficits. Mild heterotopic ossification was observed in 2 cases but did not impair daily activities or necessitate additional treatment. Conclusion:The suture plate technique significantly reduced operative time, minimized surgical trauma, and lowered the risks of elbow infection and stiffness, demonstrating favorable clinical outcomes.