Humans ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology* ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology* ; Genetic Markers ; Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics* ; Urothelium/pathology*

Cells not only contain membrane-bound organelles (MBOs), but also membraneless organelles (MLOs) formed by condensation of many biomacromolecules. Examples include RNA-protein granules such as nucleoli and PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) in the nucleus, as well as stress granules and P-bodies in the cytoplasm. Phase separation is the basic organizing principle of the form of the condensates or membraneless organelles (MLOs) of biomacromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. In particular, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) compartmentalises and concentrates biological macromolecules into liquid condensates. It has been found that phase separation of biomacromolecules requires some typical intrinsic characteristics, such as intrinsically disordered regions, modular domains and multivalent interactions. The phase separation of biomacromolecules plays a key role in many important cell activities. In recent years, the phase separation of biomacromolecules phase has become a focus of research in gene transcriptional regulation. Transcriptional regulatory elements such as RNA polymerases, transcription factors (TFs), and super enhancers (SEs) all play important roles through phase separation. Our group has previously reported for the first time that long-term inactivation or absence of assembly factors leads to the formation of condensates of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) subunits in the cytoplasm, and this process is reversible, suggesting a novel regulatory model of eukaryotic transcription machinery. The phase separation of biomacromolecules provides a biophysical understanding for the rapid transmission of transcriptional signals by a large number of TFs. Moreover, phase separation during transcriptional regulation is closely related to the occurrence of cancer. For example, the activation of oncogenes is usually associated with the formation of phase separation condensates at the SEs. In this review, the intrinsic characteristics of the formation of biomacromolecules phase separation and the important role of phase separation in transcriptional regulation are reviewed, which will provide reference for understanding basic cell activities and gene regulation in cancer.

The quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine is one of the key issues related to the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. The quality evaluation technology system of traditional Chinese medicine mainly includes traditional evaluation (traits, microscopic and physicochemical identification), chemical evaluation and biological evaluation. Due to the complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine, the single detection method in the above evaluation technology system usually cannot obtain sufficient quality information. The multi-source information fusion strategy can organically integrate data from multiple analysis and detection technologies to obtain more comprehensive information of samples and improve the quality evaluation effect. At present, multi-source information fusion strategy has been widely used in the fields of military, industrial and food, and it is still in its infancy in the field of quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine. This research introduces the definition, structure, method (algorithm) and fusion level of multi-source information fusion, summarizes its research progress in the origin traceability, variety identification and pharmaceutical analysis of traditional Chinese medicine, and sorts out the specific methods of data fusion in each literature. Finally, we summarized, prospected and discussed the application, development and existing problems of information fusion technology and its application in the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine, in order to provide reference for broadening the application of this technology in the field of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To explore the correlation between the genetic variations of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR),transcobalamin Ⅱ(TCN2),and reduced folate carrier(RFC)genes and the incidence of ventricular septal defect(VSD)congenital heart disease(CHD)in children.Methods Children with VSD CHD were selected as the treatment group,and healthy children who underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group.Detection of the MTHFR C677T,MTHFR A1298C,TCN2 rs1801198,RFC rs1051266 polymorphisms were performed by the polymerase chain reaction.Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between CHD and the above gene polymorphisms.Results A total of 108 cases were included in both the treatment and control groups.The proportions of TT at MTHFR C677T locus in the treatment and control groups were 44.44％and 19.44％,CC at MTHFR A1298C locus were 51.85％and 37.04％,GG at TCN2 rs1801198 locus were 55.56％and 33.33％,with statistically significant differences(all P＜0.05).Binary regression analysis showed that the polymorphisms at MTHFR C677T and TCN2 rs1801198 were risk factors for VSD CHD(both P＜0.05).Conclusion The occurrence of VSD CHD is closely related to the polymorphisms at MTHFR C677T and TCN2 rs 1801198 loci.

Objective: To analyze the survival of newly diagnosed malignant tumors in cancer registration areas of Hubei Province from 2013 to 2015. Methods: From January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015, all newly diagnosed malignant tumors were collected from cancer registration areas in Hubei Province, and patients were followed up using a combination of active and passive methods. Cancer survival was analyzed using the strs package in Stata software. Observed and expected survival were calculated using the life table and Ederer Ⅱ methods, and the difference in survival rate of patients with different sex, age, urban and rural areas and different cancer species was compared. Results: From 2013 to 2015, 83 987 new malignant tumors were diagnosed in cancer registration areas in Hubei Province, including 45 742 males (54.46%) and 38245 females (45.54%). The overall 5-year relative survival rate was 41.46%, 34.43% for men and 49.63% for women. With the increase of age, the observed survival rate and relative survival rate of patients of different genders showed a decreasing trend. The 5-year relative survival rate of patients with malignant tumors was 47.58% in urban areas and 26.58% in rural areas. The observed survival rate and relative survival rate in rural areas were significantly lower than those in urban areas. The overall 5-year relative survival rates for common malignancies were 20.61% for lung cancer, 15.36% for liver cancer, 22.89% for esophageal cancer, 34.92% for gastric cancer, and 54.87% for colorectal cancer. In addition, the 5-year relative survival rates of common malignant tumors in women were 78.65% for breast cancer and 52.55% for cervical cancer. Conclusions: In Hubei Province, the survival rate of malignant tumors is different among different genders, regions, age groups and cancer species. Prevention and treatment and health education should be strengthened for malignant tumor patients in rural areas and those with high incidence and low survival rate such as liver cancer and lung cancer, and relevant strategies should be formulated according to the gender and age distribution characteristics of different cancer species.
Humans ; Female ; Male ; Liver Neoplasms ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Lung Neoplasms ; China/epidemiology* ; Urban Population ; Incidence ; Survival Analysis ; Rural Population ; Registries

Objective: To analyze the survival of newly diagnosed malignant tumors in cancer registration areas of Hubei Province from 2013 to 2015. Methods: From January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015, all newly diagnosed malignant tumors were collected from cancer registration areas in Hubei Province, and patients were followed up using a combination of active and passive methods. Cancer survival was analyzed using the strs package in Stata software. Observed and expected survival were calculated using the life table and Ederer Ⅱ methods, and the difference in survival rate of patients with different sex, age, urban and rural areas and different cancer species was compared. Results: From 2013 to 2015, 83 987 new malignant tumors were diagnosed in cancer registration areas in Hubei Province, including 45 742 males (54.46%) and 38245 females (45.54%). The overall 5-year relative survival rate was 41.46%, 34.43% for men and 49.63% for women. With the increase of age, the observed survival rate and relative survival rate of patients of different genders showed a decreasing trend. The 5-year relative survival rate of patients with malignant tumors was 47.58% in urban areas and 26.58% in rural areas. The observed survival rate and relative survival rate in rural areas were significantly lower than those in urban areas. The overall 5-year relative survival rates for common malignancies were 20.61% for lung cancer, 15.36% for liver cancer, 22.89% for esophageal cancer, 34.92% for gastric cancer, and 54.87% for colorectal cancer. In addition, the 5-year relative survival rates of common malignant tumors in women were 78.65% for breast cancer and 52.55% for cervical cancer. Conclusions: In Hubei Province, the survival rate of malignant tumors is different among different genders, regions, age groups and cancer species. Prevention and treatment and health education should be strengthened for malignant tumor patients in rural areas and those with high incidence and low survival rate such as liver cancer and lung cancer, and relevant strategies should be formulated according to the gender and age distribution characteristics of different cancer species.
Humans ; Female ; Male ; Liver Neoplasms ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Lung Neoplasms ; China/epidemiology* ; Urban Population ; Incidence ; Survival Analysis ; Rural Population ; Registries

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of drug-containing serum of Xijiao Dihuang combined prescription(XJDH) on the related functions of dendritic cells(DCs) induced in vitro, and to explore the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of XJDH treatment on primary immune thrombocytopenia(ITP). METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were colle-ted from 6 healthy volunteers. Mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation, and CD14⁺ mononuclear cells were collected by the magnetic separation technique. CD14+ mononuclear cells were induced into immature DCs by recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and recombinant human interleukin 4 (IL-4). Immature DCs were divided into three groups: control group, model group and XJDH group. CCK-8 assay was used to determine the intervention concentration and time of drug-containing serum. Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) with the final concentration of 1 μg/ml was added to model group and XJDH group respectively for 24 h to induce DCs maturation. Normal rat serum was added to control group and model group, and XJDH was added to XJDH group for 24 h. Flow cytometry was used to detect the levels of CD80, CD83 and HLA-DR on the surface of DCs. Western blot was used to detect the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB, and levels of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α in cell supernatant was detected by ELISA. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, LPS stimulation increased the expression of CD80, CD83 and HLA-DR, with subsequent increasing expression of TLR4 and NF-κB, as well as IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α increased(P<0.05). In comparison with model group, the expression of DCs surface molecules CD80, CD83 and HLA-DR, DCs' expression of TLR4 and NF-κB protein, and the levels of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α in the cell supernatant of XJDH group decreased after the intervention of XJDH (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Drug containing serum of Xijiao Dihuang combined prescription can down-regulate TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway related protein expression, inhibit DCs maturation, and reduce proinflammatory factor secretion, which may be one of the mechanisms of drug-containing serum of Xijiao Dihuang combined prescription in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.
Animals ; B7-1 Antigen/pharmacology* ; Cell Differentiation ; Dendritic Cells ; HLA-DR Antigens/pharmacology* ; Humans ; Interleukin-12/pharmacology* ; Interleukin-6 ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; NF-kappa B ; Prescriptions ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; Rats ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology*

Objective To investigate the relationship between changes in protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 ( ROR2) expression in the brainstem and the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods Forty-four human superoxide dismutase 1( hSODl)-G93A mutant ALS transgenic mice were selected, and an equal number of wild-type littermates was used as control. The brainstems were isolated at da)' 70, day 95, day 108 and da)' 122 after birth, and the morphology of frypoglossal nucleus (12N) and nucleus of facial nerve(7N) neurons in the brainstem of the model mice were observed by Nissl staining. The mRNA and protein expression of PTK7 and ROR2 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively, and the cellular localization and distribution of PTK7 and ROR2 in 12N and 7N were observed by immunofluorescence double-labeling technique. Results The result of Nissl staining showed that Nissl bodies in the neurons reduced distinctly with vacuolar degeneration of neurons, cell body atrophy and nuclear volume reduction in the 12N and 7N brainstems of ALS transgenic mice. RT-PCR result indicated that ROR2 and PTK7 mRNA level in the brainstem of ALS transgenic mice were up-regulated at da)' 70, da)' 95, day 108 and day 122 compared with wild-type littermates. Western blotting result showed that PTK7 protein was up-regulated at day 70, day 95, day 108 and day 122, ROR2 protein was up-regulated at day 70, day 95, day 108, and down-regulated at day 122 in the brainstem of ALS transgenic mice compared with wild-type littermates. Immunofluorescence result showed that ROR2/neuronal nuclei (NeuN)and PTK7/NeuN double positive cells, ROR2/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and PTK7/GFAP double positive cells were observed in the 12N and 7N of the brainstem of ALS transgenic mice and wild-type mice, suggesting that ROR2 and PTK7 were expressed both in neurons and astrocytes. Conclusion PTK7 and ROR2 are abnormally expressed in the brainstem of ALS transgenic mice, which is closely related to the pathogenesis of ALS.

Animals ; Cardiomegaly ; Constriction ; Heart ; Mice

In this article, the foreign and domestic literature on alien plant medicine Cynara scolymus was reviewed to explore its properties and functions in traditional Chinese medicine theory, and provide theoretical basis for clinical application and reasonable compatibility. Based on the literature databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and Sinomed, the articles with high reliability related to C. scolymus were screened out and the obtained articles were systematically classified according to clinical application, chemical compositions, pharmacological action, toxic and side effects, etc. In the analysis with traditional Chinese medicine theory, it is concluded that: C. scolymus tastes bitter and slightly cold, attributing to spleen, stomach, liver and gall meridians. It has the functions of eliminating accumulation and guiding stagnation, regulating Qi-flowing for harmonizing stomach, clearing away dampness and heat, resolving turbidity and lowering blood lipids. It can be used for the treatment of dyspepsia, diet reduction, vomiting, nausea, abdominal distention, hypochondriac pain, jaundice, hyperlipidemia, etc. Through the analysis and research of the relevant literature on C. scolymus, the properties and functions of the drug were clarified, which could provide a theoretical basis for further animal experiments and clinical research. The research model of "traditional Chinese medicine theory" for alien plant medicines can provide reference for the introduction and research of botanical drugs around the world, which can greatly enrich Chinese medicine resources and is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine.
Animals ; Cynara scolymus ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Meridians ; Reproducibility of Results