ObjectiveTo evaluate the measurement capability of laboratories of radiological health technical service institutions in Shanghai for determining gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in water. MethodsAll local laboratories with operational scope covering gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity measurement (hereinafter referred to as "participating laboratories") were organized to undertake a proficiency test. Each participating laboratory measured the gross α and gross β radioactivity concentrations in the proficiency testing water samples using the thick source method specified in GB/T 5750.13‒2023 Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water—Part 13: Radioactive Indicators. Based on GB/T 28043‒2019 Statistical Methods for Proficiency Testing Using Interlaboratory Comparisons, the measurement results of all participating laboratories were statistically evaluated. The inter-laboratory comparison results for 2023‒2024 were uniformly assessed using z-scores: laboratories with |z| ≤2.00 for both gross α and gross β were rated as satisfactory (pass), and those with |z| ≤0.50 for both gross α and gross β and with the sum of the comprehensive score and the Q value ≥95 points were rated as excellent. ResultsIn 2023, 15 laboratories participated in the provincial inter-laboratory comparison, with a pass rate of 86.67% and none rated as excellent. In 2024, 19 laboratories participated, with a pass rate of 100% and 21.05% rated as excellent. ConclusionCompared with 2023, both the pass rate and the excellence rate in 2024 improved significantly, indicating that the measurement capability of the participating laboratories for gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in water has been effectively enhanced. Improving the testing capabilities of laboratories in technical service institutions strengthens preparedness for future public health emergencies.

Background With the widespread application of ionizing radiation technology in non-medical fields, the number of non-medical radiation workers has steadily increased over the years. Individual dose monitoring serves as a crucial measure to safeguard the occupational health of non-medical radiation workers, as it can accurately identify occupational health risks and optimize radiation protection strategies. Objective To analyze the individual monitoring data of radiation workers from partial non-medical sectors in Shanghai from 2016 to 2023, to obtain the status of occupational radiation exposure and to provide a reference basis for non-medical radiation hygiene supervision and protection management. Methods The study subjects consisted of radiation workers from non-medical institutions in Shanghai who recieved individual dose monitoring at a Class-A radiation health technical service institution between 2016 and 2023. Under the Specifications for individual monitoring of occupational external exposure (GBZ 128-2019), thermoluminescence dosimetry was used for measuring personal dose equivalent, H_p(10), of various occupations encompassing industrial irradiation, industrial radiography, radioisotope production, accelerator operation, other industrial applications, education, and veterinary medicine. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison among multiple groups, Bonferroni method was adopted for pairwise comparison, and Mann-Kendall test was conducted for trend analysis to analyze the per-capita annual effective dose and its variation over time across different occupational categories of radiation workers. Results A total of 13728 person-times of non-medical radiation workers were monitored from 2016 to 2023, accumulating a collective effective dose of 3025.69 person-mSv. The per-capita annual effective dose M(P₂₅, P₇₅) was 0.14(0.08, 0.25) mSv. There were statistically significant differences in the per-capita annual effective dose of radiation workers in different years (H=874.826, P< 0.05). Similarly, significant variations were identified among various occupational categories (H=115.569, P< 0.05). Among them, the per-capita annual effective dose of radiological workers engaged in the production of radioactive isotopes was the highest, at 0.21(0.14, 0.32) mSv, followed by those in veterinary medicine, at 0.17 (0.11, 0.61) mSv; the difference between these two groups was not statistically significant (Z=1.231, P > 0.05), but both were significantly higher than those in other occupational categories (Z=3.913, 9.761, P<0.05). The veterinary medicine category had the highest proportion of monitored individuals with annual effective dose exceeding 1 mSv to the total number of monitored individuals(NR₁), reaching 17.12%, and the industrial radiography category showed the highest proportion of workers exposed to more than the annual investigation level 5 mSv to the total number of monitored individuals (NR₅), at 0.16%. Conclusion From 2016 to 2023, the overall individual doses of some non-medical radiation workers in Shanghai remain low, indicating well-controlled radiation levels in workplaces and low exposure risks. It is necessary to focus on radiation workers engaged in radioisotope production, veterinary medicine and industrial radiography.

ObjectiveThe purpose was to understand the background level of environmental radioactivity in the surrounding area of Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant and accumulate historical monitoring data of radioactivity in the environment， in order to detect and deal with radioactive risk in water sources earlier. MethodsAccording to the requirements of the "Shanghai environmental radioactivity background monitoring plan"， the area 1 closest to the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant was selected as the monitoring point， and the area 2 far from the nuclear power plant was selected as the blank control point. Considering the seasonal characteristics of high water， low water， and normal water periods， the establishment of sampling points， and population density and other comprehensive factors， a model of sampling from the disease control centers in these two regions was established， with the supervision and quality control by Shanghai disease control center. The water samples were collected once a quarter， with a sampling volume of 5 L each time， and the samples were sent to Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention for processing and measurement. Since 2012， water samples from the two sources have been collected for more than ten years for the total α and total β monitoring of radioactive levels. Results2012‒2022 Area 1 total α radioactivity， total β radioactivity concentration ranges were 1.83×10^-2‒3.93 ×10^-2 Bq·L^-1 and 6.05×10^-2‒23.73 ×10^-2 Bq·L^-1， respectively. Total α radioactivity and total β radioactivity concentration ranges in Area 2 were 1.63×10^-2‒4.46 ×10^-2 Bq·L^-1， and 9.60×10^-2‒25.33 ×10^-2 Bq·L^-1，respectively. ConclusionThe radioactive levels in the source water of Area 1 and Area 2 are within the normal background range， which meets the requirements of the "Standard test methods for drinking water - radioactive indicators" （GB/T 5750.13‒2006）.

Objective:To summarize the research progress on tissue damage, poisoning mechanism and treatment measures for the injury caused by liquid rocket propellant nitrogen tetroxide (N 2O 4) in China and foreign copuntries. Literature resource and selection The literatures published in the related fields at home and abroad. Literature quotation Fifty-one references were cited. Literature synthesis N 2O 4 is currently a commonly used liquid rocket propellant, which is a colorless gas or liquid and easy decomposition into nitrogen dioxide. It has the characteristics of flammability, explosive, strong oxidation and toxicity. In the process of propellant transportation and usage, poisoning and explosion accidents caused by N 2O 4 leakage occurred from time to time, which seriously threatened the physical and mental health of employees. Early inhalation of N 2O 4 may cause eye and respiratory tract irritation, and severe ones included pulmonary edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Long-term exposure may lead to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and the difficulty of treatment N 2O 4 for poisoning patients was increasedwheninjured by the blast of the explosion at the same time. A large number of experimental studies have shown that vitamins E and radix salviaemiltiorrhizae (RSM) can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by N 2O 4. However, due to the lack of specific antidotes in actual treatment, symptomatic treatments such as oxygen administration and correction of pulmonary edema were often used. Conclusions:N 2O 4 poisoning can cause acute respiratory system damage, such as respiratory tract inflammation and pulmonary edema and also lead to chronic diseases, such as fibrosis or other organ damages. Symptomatic and supported treatment is often used in the process of treatment. It indicated that further study of N 2O 4is needed to clarify the molecular mechanism of its action, so as to provide help for clinical treatment.

Objective:To summarize the research progress on tissue damage, poisoning mechanism and treatment measures for the injury caused by liquid rocket propellant nitrogen tetroxide (N 2O 4) in China and foreign copuntries. Literature resource and selection The literatures published in the related fields at home and abroad. Literature quotation Fifty-one references were cited. Literature synthesis N 2O 4 is currently a commonly used liquid rocket propellant, which is a colorless gas or liquid and easy decomposition into nitrogen dioxide. It has the characteristics of flammability, explosive, strong oxidation and toxicity. In the process of propellant transportation and usage, poisoning and explosion accidents caused by N 2O 4 leakage occurred from time to time, which seriously threatened the physical and mental health of employees. Early inhalation of N 2O 4 may cause eye and respiratory tract irritation, and severe ones included pulmonary edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Long-term exposure may lead to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and the difficulty of treatment N 2O 4 for poisoning patients was increasedwheninjured by the blast of the explosion at the same time. A large number of experimental studies have shown that vitamins E and radix salviaemiltiorrhizae (RSM) can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by N 2O 4. However, due to the lack of specific antidotes in actual treatment, symptomatic treatments such as oxygen administration and correction of pulmonary edema were often used. Conclusions:N 2O 4 poisoning can cause acute respiratory system damage, such as respiratory tract inflammation and pulmonary edema and also lead to chronic diseases, such as fibrosis or other organ damages. Symptomatic and supported treatment is often used in the process of treatment. It indicated that further study of N 2O 4is needed to clarify the molecular mechanism of its action, so as to provide help for clinical treatment.