To study the differences in transcript levels among different organs of Spatholobus suberectus and to explore the genes encoding enzymes related to the catechin biosynthesis pathway, this study utilized the genome and full-length transcriptome data of S. suberectus as references. Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed on five different organs of S. suberectus-roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits-using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. A total of 115.28 Gb of clean data were obtained, with GC content values ranging from 45.19% to 47.54%, Q20 bases at 94.17% and above, and an overall comparison rate with the reference genome around 90%. In comparisons between the stem and root, stem and leaf, stem and flower, and stem and fruit, 10 666, 9 674, 9 320, and 5 896 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were identified, respectively. The lowest number of DEGs was found in the stem and root comparison group. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly concentrated in the pathways of phytohormone signaling, phenylalanine biosynthesis, etc. A total of 39 genes were annotated in the catechin biosynthesis pathway, with at least one highly expressed gene found in all organs. Among these, PAL1, PAL2, C4H1, C4H3, 4CL1, 4CL2, and DFR2 showed high expression in the stems, suggesting that they may play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in S. suberectus. This study aims to provide important information for the in-depth exploration of the regulation of catechin biosynthesis in S. suberectus through transcriptome analysis of its different organs and to provide a reference for the further realization of S. suberectus varietal improvement and molecular breeding.
Catechin/biosynthesis* ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Proteins/metabolism* ; Fabaceae/metabolism* ; Transcriptome ; Flowers/metabolism* ; Plant Stems/metabolism* ; Plant Leaves/metabolism* ; Plant Roots/metabolism* ; Fruit/metabolism*

To study the molecular mechanism of salt stress response of peanut small GTP binding protein gene AhRabG3f, a 1 914 bp promoter fragment upstream of the start codon of AhRabG3f gene (3f-P) from peanut was cloned. Subsequently, five truncated fragments (3f-P1-3f-P5) with lengths of 1 729, 1 379, 666, 510 and 179 bp were obtained through deletion at the 5' end, respectively. Plant expression vectors where these six promoter fragments were fused with the gus gene were constructed and transformed into tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated method, respectively. GUS expression in transgenic tobacco and activity analysis were conducted. The gus gene expression can be detected in the transgenic tobacco harboring each promoter segment, among which the driving activity of the full-length promoter 3f-P was the weakest, while the driving activity of the promoter segment 3f-P3 was the strongest. Upon exposure of the transgenic tobacco to salt stress, the GUS activity driven by 3f-P, 3f-P1, 3f-P2 and 3f-P3 was 3.3, 1.2, 1.9 and 1.2 times compared to that of the transgenic plants without salt treatment. This suggests that the AhRabG3f promoter was salt-inducible and there might be positive regulatory elements between 3f-P and 3f-P3 in response to salt stress. The results of GUS activity driven by promoter fragments after salt treatment showed that elements included MYB and GT1 between 1 930 bp and 1 745 bp. Moreover, a TC-rich repeat between 682 bp and 526 bp might be positive cis-elements responsible for salt stress, and an MYC element between 1 395 bp and 682 bp might be a negative cis-element responsible for salt stress. This study may facilitate using the induced promoter to regulate the salt resistance of peanut.
Arachis/genetics* ; Fabaceae/genetics* ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Glucuronidase/metabolism* ; Plant Proteins/metabolism* ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics* ; Salt Stress ; Stress, Physiological/genetics* ; Tobacco/genetics*

Dehydration-responsive element binding proteins (DREBs) are an important class of transcription factors related to plant stress tolerance. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus is an evergreen broadleaf shrub endemic to desert areas of northwest China, and it has a very high tolerance to harsh environments. In order to reveal the functions and mechanisms of the AmDREB1F gene from this species in enduring abiotic stresses, we performed subcellular localization test, expression pattern analysis, and stress tolerance evaluation of transgenic Arabidopsis harboring this gene. The protein encoded by AmDREB1F was localized in the nucleus. In laboratory-cultured A. mongolicus seedlings, the expression of AmDREB1F was induced significantly by cold and drought but very slightly by salt and heat stresses, and undetectable upon ABA treatment. In leaves of naturally growing shrubs in the wild, the expression levels of the AmDREB1F gene were much higher during the late autumn, winter and early spring than in other seasons. Moreover, the expression was abundant in roots and immature pods rather than other organs of the shrubs. Constitutive expression of AmDREB1F in Arabidopsis induced the expression of several DREB-regulated stress-responsive genes and improved the tolerance of transgenic lines to drought, high salinity and low temperature as well as oxidative stress. The constitutive expression also caused growth retardation of the transgenics, which could be eliminated by the application of gibberellin 3. Stress-inducible expression of AmDREB1F also enhanced the tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis to all of the four stresses mentioned above, without affecting its growth and development. These results suggest that AmDREB1F gene may play positive regulatory roles in response to abiotic stresses through the ABA-independent signaling pathways.
Arabidopsis/metabolism* ; Droughts ; Ectopic Gene Expression ; Fabaceae/genetics* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Proteins/metabolism* ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics* ; Stress, Physiological/genetics*

The dynamic changes of germination percentage, germination potential, thousand-seed weight, antioxidase activity in Desmodium styracifolium seeds with different storage time were tested, and electrical conductivity, contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, starch in seed leach liquor were also determined in order to reveal the mechanism of seed deterioration. The results as the following. (1) The germination percentage, germination potential and thousand-seed weight of D. styracifolium seeds declined, while the seed coat color darkened with the extension of storage time. (2) The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) decreased with the prolongation of storage period. The SOD activity declined fastest in 1,095-1,185 d of storage, while the POD activity declined significantly in 365-395 d of storage. (3) The electrical conductivity and the contents of soluble sugar, starch in seed leach liquor increased, while the content of soluble protein declined with the extension of storage time. (4) Correlation analysis indicated that the germination percentage, germination potential and thousand-seed weight of D. styracifolium seeds have a significantly positive correlation with SOD and POD activity, while have a significantly negative correlation with the electrical conductivity, contents of soluble sugar and starch. It can be concluded that during the storage of D. styracifolium seeds, physiological and biochemical changes including decrease in antioxidase activity, rise in electrical conductivity, degradation effluent of soluble sugar and starch, degradation of soluble protein were the main factors leading to the seed deterioration.
Color ; Fabaceae ; chemistry ; enzymology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Germination ; Peroxidases ; metabolism ; Plant Proteins ; metabolism ; Seeds ; chemistry ; enzymology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Starch ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Time Factors

Endophytic fungi Penicillium dangeardii, isolated from Lysidice rhodostegia Hance root, was fermented and the secondary metabolites were studied. By means of Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, ODS column chromatography and PHPLC over the fermented culture, 5 compounds were isolated. By using ESI-MS and NMR, the structures of the compounds were determined as N-[9-(β- D-ribofuranosyl)-9H-purin-6-yl]-L-aspartic acid (1), 3-caffeoylquinic acid (2), 4-caffeoylquinic acid (3), and 5-caffeoylquinic acid (4), 3-hydroxy-benzoic acid-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5).
Biological Factors ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Endophytes ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Fabaceae ; microbiology ; Fermentation ; Molecular Structure ; Penicillium ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Secondary Metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of aqueous extract of several kinds of herbs on human platelet aggregation and expression of P-selectin in vitro.

METHODSBlood was collected from volunteers. Effects of the prepared water extracts of herbs on platelet aggregation were monitored on a Packs-4 aggregometer. The fluorescence intensity of water extracts of Caulis Spatholobi, Flos Carthami and Rhizoma Curcumae on the expression of P-selectin in human platelets of healthy persons was measured with flow cytometry.

RESULTSOut of several herbs investigated, Flos Carthami and Rhizoma Curcumae potently inhibited platelet aggregation after incubation with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for 15 min. Caulis Spatholobi Flos Carthami and Rhizoma Curcumae inhibited adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) or platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced platelet aggregation in PRP in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast to Flos Carthami and Rhizoma Curcumae, Caulis Spatholobi could not inhibit thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Despite its inability to inhibit thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in PRP, Caulis Spatholobi had a greater anti-aggregating activity in PRP induced by ADP or PAF. Caulis Spatholobi and Flos Carthami showed significant inhibitory effects on the expression of P-selectin.

CONCLUSIONSCaulis Spatholobi, Flos Carthami and Rhizoma Curcumae have potent anti-platelet properties, and their inhibitory actions are mediated via different mechanisms. Caulis Spatholobi inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation but not by thrombin, indicating that its mechanism of action might be independent of the thromboxane pathway. The effect of Caulis Spatholobi and Flos Carthami were associated with suppressing the expression of P-selectin.

Adult ; Blood Platelets ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Curcuma ; chemistry ; Fabaceae ; chemistry ; Humans ; P-Selectin ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Platelet Aggregation ; drug effects ; Platelet Function Tests ; Water ; chemistry ; Young Adult

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory arthritis and a major cause of disability. Presently, the clinical therapeutic medicines for inflammatory and arthritic diseases are unsatisfactory due to severe adverse effects or ineffectiveness. The Guge Fengtong formula (GGFT), containing the standardized extracts of Dioscoreae Nipponicae Rhizoma, Spatholobi Caulis, and Zingiberis Rhizoma, has long been used for RA treatment by Chinese doctorsin China. However, the detailed anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of GGFT has not been reported so far. In the present work, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of GGFT using three in vivo animal models, and tried to uncover its preliminarythe underlying mechanism of action mechanism in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The obtained results indicated that GGFT significantly attenuated ear edema, decreased carrageenan-induced paw edema, reduced the arthritis score, and reversed the weight loss of the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)CFA-injected rats. Additionally, marked decrease of in synovial inflammatory infiltration and synovial lining hyperplasia in the joints and decline of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) in the serum were observed in the GGFT-treated rats. In lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages, GGFT reduced the production of NO, PGE2, and IL-6, and inhibited the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB expression. Our results demonstrated that GGFT possessed considerable anti-inflammatory activity and have had potential therapeutic effects on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats, which provided providing experimental evidences for its traditional application in the treatment of RA and other inflammatory diseases.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antirheumatic Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Arthritis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carrageenan ; Cytokines ; blood ; Dioscorea ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Fabaceae ; Freund's Adjuvant ; Inflammation ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Inflammation Mediators ; metabolism ; Macrophages ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Phytotherapy ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Zingiberaceae

The PDB culture medium was selected to ferment the endophyte strain, and the secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi Penicillium polonicum were studied. Combined application of Sephadex LH-20, ODS and HPLC chromatographies over the ethyl acetate extract of the fermented culture led to the isolation of 6 compounds. By spectral methods, the structures were elucidated as [3, 5-dihydroxy-2-(7-hydroxy-octanoyl)]-ethylphenylacetate (1), (3, 5-dihydroxy-2- octanoyl)-ethyl phenylacetate (2), (5, 7-di- hydroxy-9-heptyl)-isobenzo pyran-3-one (3), 3-(hydroxymethyl) 4-(1E)-1- propen-1-yl-(1R, 2S, 5R, 6S)-7-oxabicyclo [4.1.0] hept-3-ene-2, 5-diol (4), (E)-2-methoxy-3-(prop-1-enyl) phenol (5) and p-hydroxylphenylethanol (6).
Biological Factors ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Endophytes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Fabaceae ; microbiology ; Fermentation ; Penicillium ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Secondary Metabolism

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The standard pattern of Brazilian food consumption is based on the combination of rice and beans served together in the main meals. This study assessed the effects of Brazilian-staple calorie-restricted (BS-diet) dietary advice, with brown rice and beans, on metabolic parameters, body composition, and food intake in overweight/obese subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twentyseven subjects were randomly assigned to a conventional-type calorie-restricted diet (CT-diet) (n = 13) or a BS-diet (n = 14). Glucose metabolism, lipid profile, anthropometric and body composition parameters, and food intake were measured before and after 16 weeks. Paired t-tests/Wilcoxon tests were used for comparison of differences from baseline and unpaired t-tests/Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparison of differences between the groups. RESULTS: After 16 weeks, both groups showed reductions in weight and waist circumference (P < 0.02), and the BS-diet group showed a decrease in body fat (P = 0.0001), and significant improvement in glucose metabolism (fasting plasma glucose, glucose and insulin areas under the curve, Cederholm index, and HOMA2-%beta) (P < or = 0.04) and lipid profile (cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-c, VLDL-c, and cholesterol/HDL-c ratio) (P < or = 0.05). In addition, the BS-diet group showed significant improvement in HOMA2-%beta, compared to the CT-diet group (P = 0.03). The BS-diet group also showed a significant reduction in energy, lipids, carbohydrate, and cholesterol intake (P < or = 0.04) and an increase in fiber intake (P < or = 0.001), while the CT-diet group showed a significant reduction in intake of energy, macronutrients, PUFA, and cholesterol (P < or = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the benefits of the BS-diet on metabolic parameters in obese subjects.
Adipose Tissue ; Blood Glucose ; Body Composition ; Cholesterol ; Diet* ; Eating ; Fabaceae ; Glucose ; Glycemic Index ; Insulin ; Lipid Metabolism ; Meals ; Metabolism ; Obesity ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The standard pattern of Brazilian food consumption is based on the combination of rice and beans served together in the main meals. This study assessed the effects of Brazilian-staple calorie-restricted (BS-diet) dietary advice, with brown rice and beans, on metabolic parameters, body composition, and food intake in overweight/obese subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twentyseven subjects were randomly assigned to a conventional-type calorie-restricted diet (CT-diet) (n = 13) or a BS-diet (n = 14). Glucose metabolism, lipid profile, anthropometric and body composition parameters, and food intake were measured before and after 16 weeks. Paired t-tests/Wilcoxon tests were used for comparison of differences from baseline and unpaired t-tests/Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparison of differences between the groups. RESULTS: After 16 weeks, both groups showed reductions in weight and waist circumference (P < 0.02), and the BS-diet group showed a decrease in body fat (P = 0.0001), and significant improvement in glucose metabolism (fasting plasma glucose, glucose and insulin areas under the curve, Cederholm index, and HOMA2-%beta) (P < or = 0.04) and lipid profile (cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-c, VLDL-c, and cholesterol/HDL-c ratio) (P < or = 0.05). In addition, the BS-diet group showed significant improvement in HOMA2-%beta, compared to the CT-diet group (P = 0.03). The BS-diet group also showed a significant reduction in energy, lipids, carbohydrate, and cholesterol intake (P < or = 0.04) and an increase in fiber intake (P < or = 0.001), while the CT-diet group showed a significant reduction in intake of energy, macronutrients, PUFA, and cholesterol (P < or = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the benefits of the BS-diet on metabolic parameters in obese subjects.
Adipose Tissue ; Blood Glucose ; Body Composition ; Cholesterol ; Diet* ; Eating ; Fabaceae ; Glucose ; Glycemic Index ; Insulin ; Lipid Metabolism ; Meals ; Metabolism ; Obesity ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference