Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a distinct subpopulation of cells characterized by self-renewal capacity, differentiation potential, and critical roles in driving tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, recurrence, and maintenance of the tumor microenvironment. Targeting CSCs has emerged as a pivotal direction in cancer research, offering novel strategies to overcome drug resistance and prevent metastasis and relapse. Lysosomes, traditionally recognized as central organelles for intracellular degradation and recycling, are indispensable for cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of lysosomal function is intimately linked to various diseases, including cancer. In tumors, aberrant lysosomal activity can promote malignant progression through mechanisms such as altering metabolic pathways, enhancing lysosomal exocytosis, modulating drug resistance, and interfering with autophagy-lysosomal pathways. Recent studies have underscored the involvement of lysosomes in regulating CSC properties. This review synthesizes findings on lysosomal regulation of CSCs through the following aspects. (1) Lysosomes exert complex and critical bidirectional control over CSC stemness maintenance through three degradation pathways that are dependent on their degradative function. (i) The lysophagy pathway. This pathway exhibits dual roles. Activation can sustain CSC functions; for instance, in glioblastoma, hypoxia upregulates Gal-8 via the STAT3/HIF1α signaling axis to induce autophagy, supporting stem cell survival. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, degradation of GSK3β activates the Wnt pathway, enhancing stemness. Conversely, this pathway can suppress stemness by degrading stemness-related proteins such as BMI-1 and OCT4A, thereby impairing CSC self-renewal capacity. (ii) Mitophagy pathway. In non-small cell lung cancer stem cells, mitophagy-related mechanisms, such as the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) activating the TLR9-Notch1-AMPK signaling axis, have been shown to promote CSC proliferation. (iii) Autophagosome-dependent lysosomal degradation pathway. This pathway directly regulates stemness-related proteins in a bidirectional manner. Enhanced degradative function can promote CSC properties, exemplified by the degradation of NUMB to activate Notch signaling. Conversely, attenuated degradative function can also enhance stemness by stabilizing oncoproteins (e.g., protecting Frizzled-1 from degradation to sustain Wnt signaling) or preventing the degradation of tumor suppressors (e.g., inhibiting Notch degradation). (2) Constituent proteins of lysosomes, including membrane proteins and luminal acid hydrolases, participate in regulating CSC stemness. Regarding membrane proteins, LAMP2A facilitates chaperone-mediated autophagy to maintain stemness in glioblastoma and ovarian cancer. V-ATPase, by maintaining an acidic luminal environment, promotes proliferation and drug resistance in glioma stem cells. Among hydrolases, cathepsins B and L are highly expressed in pancreatic and ovarian cancers and correlate with poor prognosis. Furthermore, targeting lysosomes to induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) triggers lysosome-mediated cell death, presenting a potential therapeutic strategy for eradicating CSCs.(3) The acidic luminal environment, single-membrane structure, and the presence of transmembrane transporters (e.g., ABCA3) enable lysosomes to passively trap or actively uptake and sequester chemotherapeutic drugs. Subsequent drug extrusion via exocytosis confers drug resistance. In CSCs, this lysosome-mediated drug sequestration, often cooperating with autophagy, establishes multimodal drug resistance. Therefore, targeting lysosomal function represents a potential strategy to overcome therapy resistance. The central role of lysosomes in regulating CSC stemness and resistance positions them as highly promising therapeutic targets. Strategies aimed at disrupting lysosomal function to selectively eliminate CSCs include: inhibiting the lysosome-autophagy system using agents like IITZ or lovastatin; inducing lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) with compounds such as hexamethylene amiloride to compromise membrane stability; and disrupting the acidic luminal environment using drugs like siramesine or the K/H transport compound 2. In conclusion, lysosomes critically regulate CSC stemness maintenance and drug resistance through degradative pathways, membrane protein functions, luminal hydrolase activities, and drug sequestration mechanisms. This redefines the lysosome from a traditional “waste disposal unit” to a “signal integration center” in CSCs. The duality and context-dependency of lysosomal function in CSCs offer novel insights into the heterogeneity observed across different tumors. Targeting lysosomal vulnerabilities—such as inducing LMP, disrupting acidity, or blocking autophagic flux—provides a strategy to bypass canonical CSC resistance mechanisms and directly trigger cell death. This establishes the lysosome as a key target to overcome CSC-mediated therapy resistance, paving the way for developing diverse candidate drugs and innovative combination therapies in oncology.

In this study, serum metabolomics techniques and molecular biology methods were used to investigate the intervention effect of kaji-ichigoside F1 on chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) depression mouse model and its mechanism. The CUMS depression mouse model was constructed, and the mice were divided into blank group, model group, escitalopram(ESC, 10 mg·kg~(-1)) group, and low-dose, medium-dose, and high-dose kaji-ichigoside F1 groups(1, 2, and 4 mg·kg~(-1)). CUMS modeling was performed on all mice except the blank group, and the cycle was four weeks. At the end of modelling, ESC and kaji-ichigoside F1 were administered by gavage once a day for 28 days. After the end of the administration, behavioral testing(sucrose preference test, open field test, forced swimming test, and tail suspension test) was conducted to evaluate the improvement of depression symptoms of different doses of kaji-ichigoside F1 on CUMS depression mouse model. The morphology of neurons and the number of Nissl bodies in the hippocampus were observed by Nissl staining. Metabolomics technique was used to analyze the changes in serum differential metabolites in mice. Protein expression levels of P2X7 purinergic receptor(P2X7R), adenosine A1 receptor(A1R), and adenosine receptor A2A(A2AR) in mouse hippocampus were detected by Western blot. The results showed that compared with that in the blank group, the body weight of mice in the model group was significantly decreased, and the sucrose preference rate was significantly decreased. The immobility time was significantly increased in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests, and the total moving distance was significantly decreased in the open field test. The number of Nissl bodies was significantly decreased, and the depression-like behavior and the number of Nissl bodies in the hippocampus of mice were significantly improved after administration of kaji-ichigoside F1. In the metabonomics analysis, the purine metabolism of serum after kaji-ichigoside F1 administration was involved in the metabolic passage of depression, and Western blot analysis verified the expression of P2X7R, A1R, and A2AR proteins in purine metabolic pathways. The results show that kaji-ichigoside F1 significantly decreases the expression of P2X7R and A2AR proteins in the hippocampus of CUMS model mice and increases the expression level of A1R proteins. It is suggested that kaji-ichigoside F1 may play an antidepressant role by regulating the expression of P2X7R, A1R, and A2AR proteins in the purine metabolism pathway.
Animals ; Mice ; Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage* ; Metabolomics ; Depression/genetics* ; Male ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects* ; Humans

Biomedical data is surging due to technological innovations and integration of multidisciplinary data, posing challenges to data management. This article summarizes the policies, data collection efforts, platform construction, and applications of biomedical data in China, aiming to identify key issues and needs, enhance the capacity-building of platform construction, unleash the value of data, and leverage the advantages of China's vast amount of data.
China ; Humans ; Biomedical Research ; Data Management ; Data Collection

With the rise of data-intensive research, data literacy has become a critical capability for improving scientific data quality and achieving artificial intelligence (AI) readiness. In the biomedical domain, data are characterized by high complexity and privacy sensitivity, calling for robust and systematic data management skills. This paper reviews current trends in scientific data governance and the evolving policy landscape, highlighting persistent challenges such as inconsistent standards, semantic misalignment, and limited awareness of compliance. These issues are largely rooted in the lack of structured training and practical support for researchers. In response, this study builds on existing data literacy frameworks and integrates the specific demands of biomedical research to propose a comprehensive, lifecycle-oriented data literacy competency model with an emphasis on ethics and regulatory awareness. Furthermore, it outlines a tiered training strategy tailored to different research stages-undergraduate, graduate, and professional, offering theoretical foundations and practical pathways for universities and research institutions to advance data literacy education.
Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Biomedical Research

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill (STDP) in treating stable angina patients with phlegm-heat and blood-stasis syndrome by exercise duration and metabolic equivalents. METHODS: This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial enrolled stable angina patients with phlegm-heat and blood-stasis syndrome from 22 hospitals. They were randomized 1:1 to STDP (35 mg/pill, 6 pills per day) or placebo for 56 days. The primary outcome was the exercise duration and metabolic equivalents (METs) assessed by the standard Bruce exercise treadmill test after 56 days of treatment. The secondary outcomes included the total angina symptom score, Chinese medicine (CM) symptom scores, Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) scores, changes in ST-T on electrocardiogram and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: This trial enrolled 309 patients, including 155 and 154 in the STDP and placebo groups, respectively. STDP significantly prolonged exercise duration with an increase of 51.0 s, compared to a decrease of 12.0 s with placebo (change rate: -11.1% vs. 3.2%, P<0.01). The increase in METs was significantly greater in the STDP group than in the placebo group (change: -0.4 vs. 0.0, change rate: -5.0% vs. 0.0%, P<0.01). The improvement of total angina symptom scores (25.0% vs. 0.0%), CM symptom scores (38.7% vs. 11.8%), reduction of nitroglycerin consumption (100.0% vs. 11.3%), and all domains of SAQ, were significantly greater with STDP than placebo (all P<0.01). The changes in Q-T intervals at 28 and 56 days from baseline were similar between the two groups (both P>0.05). Twenty-five participants (16.3%) with STDP and 16 (10.5%) with placebo experienced AEs (P=0.131), with no serious AEs observed. CONCLUSION STDP could improve exercise tolerance in patients with stable angina and phlegm-heat and blood stasis syndrome, with a favorable safety profile. (Registration No. ChiCTR-IPR-15006020).
Humans ; Double-Blind Method ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Angina, Stable/physiopathology* ; Aged ; Syndrome ; Treatment Outcome ; Placebos ; Tablets

This paper summarizes the progress of theoretical research and practice of One Health in China,and discusses the paradigm of One Health governance to improve the prevention and control of infectious diseases in China and the world,and provide an example for the improvement of the public health system.In particular,China has long history to apply the concept of One Health in the national schistosomiasis control programmes and patriotic health campaigns,which were not only focusing on human health,but also emphasizing the sustainable development of animal health and ecological environment.At the same time,the application of tools such as system dynamics model,eDNA technology,One Health economic assessment and global One Health index(GOHI)in the field of disease control and environmental health provides technical support for the concept of One Health.Despite the challenges of practical application of these tools,the One Health concept will play a greater role in providing sustainable solutions for human-animal-environmental health by strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration,improving standardization protocols and promoting inter-national cooperation.

Objective To design an individually portable oral treatment device to solve the problems of oral diagnosis and treatment under field conditions in alpine regions.Methods The individually portable oral treatment device had a trolley box structure and consisted of an outer box,an inner framework and an operation panel.The outer box was made of low-density polyethylene material and formed by by one-time rotational moulding process;the inner framework integrated a plateau com-pressor,an independent negative-pressure compressor,an integrated control system for programmable logic controller(PLC),an individually portable respiratory synchronized pulsed oxygen supply module for plateau application;there were several curative devices equipped in the operation panel,including a 3-way syringe,a high-speed turbine handpiece,an electric variable-speed handpiece,a water control switch,a light curing machine and an ultrasonic dental cleaning handpiece.Trials were carried out with the test-phase prototype in alpine regions so as to verify the performance of the device.Results Trials proved that the prototype gained advantages in mobility,multifunctionality and pressure supply facilitating continuous operation of power gas source for oral diagnosis and treatment in alpine regions.Conclusion The device developed solves the problems in pressure insufficiency and instability,control system integration,portability and oxygen supply for medical staffs,improves the mobility of oral diagnosis and treatment in alpine regions and enhances the oral support service and equipment effectively.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(1):108-113]

Objective To design a VR-based air evacuation training system for simulating the on-board medical treatment process during air evacuation.Methods A VR-based air evacuation training system was developed which used 3D modeling technology to construct models of the medical aircraft cabin,medical devices and virtual characters to achieve scene interaction.The hardware part of the system included server computers,training terminal computers,VR equipment,3D fusion projection equipment,motion capture equipment,etc.The software of the system was developed using C++,UE4 Blueprint and C# programming languages,including two modules for medical treatment unit and medical treatment training process evaluation.The efficacy of the system was verified by the trials in air evacuation.Results The system developed successfully simulated the scenarios of tracheal tube dislodgement and increased intracranial pressure in the scenario model of open severe craniocerebral injury.The expert evaluation showed that the system gained advantages in training efficiency,low cost,safety,sense of immersion and recorded the operation data in real time to optimize the follow-up training.Conclusion The system developed delivers a virtual training environment with high-fidelity replication of real-mission conditions,enabling whole-course and immersive air evacuation drills.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(3):15-20]

Objective To design a VR-based air evacuation training system for simulating the on-board medical treatment process during air evacuation.Methods A VR-based air evacuation training system was developed which used 3D modeling technology to construct models of the medical aircraft cabin,medical devices and virtual characters to achieve scene interaction.The hardware part of the system included server computers,training terminal computers,VR equipment,3D fusion projection equipment,motion capture equipment,etc.The software of the system was developed using C++,UE4 Blueprint and C# programming languages,including two modules for medical treatment unit and medical treatment training process evaluation.The efficacy of the system was verified by the trials in air evacuation.Results The system developed successfully simulated the scenarios of tracheal tube dislodgement and increased intracranial pressure in the scenario model of open severe craniocerebral injury.The expert evaluation showed that the system gained advantages in training efficiency,low cost,safety,sense of immersion and recorded the operation data in real time to optimize the follow-up training.Conclusion The system developed delivers a virtual training environment with high-fidelity replication of real-mission conditions,enabling whole-course and immersive air evacuation drills.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(3):15-20]

Objective To design an individually portable oral treatment device to solve the problems of oral diagnosis and treatment under field conditions in alpine regions.Methods The individually portable oral treatment device had a trolley box structure and consisted of an outer box,an inner framework and an operation panel.The outer box was made of low-density polyethylene material and formed by by one-time rotational moulding process;the inner framework integrated a plateau com-pressor,an independent negative-pressure compressor,an integrated control system for programmable logic controller(PLC),an individually portable respiratory synchronized pulsed oxygen supply module for plateau application;there were several curative devices equipped in the operation panel,including a 3-way syringe,a high-speed turbine handpiece,an electric variable-speed handpiece,a water control switch,a light curing machine and an ultrasonic dental cleaning handpiece.Trials were carried out with the test-phase prototype in alpine regions so as to verify the performance of the device.Results Trials proved that the prototype gained advantages in mobility,multifunctionality and pressure supply facilitating continuous operation of power gas source for oral diagnosis and treatment in alpine regions.Conclusion The device developed solves the problems in pressure insufficiency and instability,control system integration,portability and oxygen supply for medical staffs,improves the mobility of oral diagnosis and treatment in alpine regions and enhances the oral support service and equipment effectively.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(1):108-113]