Background::Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is underrecognized, and its association with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains limited, especially in China. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of FH and its relationship with CAD in a large Chinese cohort.Methods::FH was defined using the Make Early Diagnosis to Prevent Early Death (MEDPED) criteria. The crude and age-sex standardized prevalence of FH were calculated based on surveys of the Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China-PAR) project during 2007-2008. The associations of FH with incident CAD and its major subtypes were estimated with the cohort-stratified multivariate Cox proportional hazard models based on the data from the baseline to the last follow-up (2018-2020).Results::Among 98,885 included participants, 190 participants were defined as FH. Crude and age-sex standardized prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of FH were 0.19% (0.17%–0.22%) and 0.13% (0.10%–0.16%), respectively. The prevalence varied across age groups and peaked in the group of 60–<70 years (0.28%), and the peak prevalence (0.18%) in males was earlier, yet lower than the peak crude prevalence in females (0.41%). During a mean follow-up of 10.7 years, 2493 cases of incident CAD were identified. After multivariate adjustment, FH patients had a 2.03-fold greater risk of developing CAD compared to non-FH participants.Conclusions::The prevalence of FH was estimated to be 0.19% in the participants, and it was associated with an elevated risk of incident CAD. Our study suggests that early screening of FH has certain public health significance for the prevention of CAD.

Background::Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is underrecognized, and its association with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains limited, especially in China. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of FH and its relationship with CAD in a large Chinese cohort.Methods::FH was defined using the Make Early Diagnosis to Prevent Early Death (MEDPED) criteria. The crude and age-sex standardized prevalence of FH were calculated based on surveys of the Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China-PAR) project during 2007-2008. The associations of FH with incident CAD and its major subtypes were estimated with the cohort-stratified multivariate Cox proportional hazard models based on the data from the baseline to the last follow-up (2018-2020).Results::Among 98,885 included participants, 190 participants were defined as FH. Crude and age-sex standardized prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of FH were 0.19% (0.17%–0.22%) and 0.13% (0.10%–0.16%), respectively. The prevalence varied across age groups and peaked in the group of 60–<70 years (0.28%), and the peak prevalence (0.18%) in males was earlier, yet lower than the peak crude prevalence in females (0.41%). During a mean follow-up of 10.7 years, 2493 cases of incident CAD were identified. After multivariate adjustment, FH patients had a 2.03-fold greater risk of developing CAD compared to non-FH participants.Conclusions::The prevalence of FH was estimated to be 0.19% in the participants, and it was associated with an elevated risk of incident CAD. Our study suggests that early screening of FH has certain public health significance for the prevention of CAD.

Objective : To compare and analyze the effects of thermal etching on the shear strength of zirconia substrates and decorative ceramics. Methods: A total of 20 specimens made with zirconia ceramics were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group with 10 cases in each group. The control group was treated with sandblasting, while the observation group was treated with sandblasting and thermal etching. The surface characteristics were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and phase analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the shear strength was tested using a universal testing machine. The characteristics of surface destruction were examined by SEM. Results : SEM showed that the peak structure was observed in both groups. The observation group exhibited deep fissures, and the control group exhibited small fissures. The diffraction peaks of the two groups are similar. The T (101) peak is the main peak, and both groups exhibit an M (111) peak. However, the peak intensity is relatively small. The relative levels of monoclinic zirconia were 15.16% in the observation group and 16.22% in the control group. The shear bond strength of the observation group was 24.74 ± 3.02 MPa, which was significantly higher than that of the control group at 21.09 ± 2.58 MPa. The difference was statistically significant (t=2.599, P=0.021). In the control group, the porcelain residue on the zirconia surface was minimal at low magnification, and the zirconia substrate was obviously exposed. The zirconia surface was similar to cristae obliqua at high magnification, and the porcelain exhibited a scattered distribution. In the observation group, a large amount of residual veneer porcelain remained on the zirconia surface at low magnification, but considerable porcelain was observed at high magnification. Conclusion Thermal etching and sandblasting treatment can improve the shear strength of zirconia substrate.

Objective: To evaluate the application effect of the platform switching implants in maxillary anterior region, to explore the effect of platform switching technology on the surrounding tissues. Methods: 55 patients with 60 single maxillary anterior implants were divided into two groups: platform-switching implants group (Ankylos), 25 patients with 28 implants; butt-joint implants group (Nobel Replace), 30 patients with 32 implants. The patients received follow-up care more than 1 and 2 year after the final setting of the prosthesis, at which time periapical radiographs were taken. The marginal bone level around the implant and Pink Esthetic Score (PES) were measured for comparison. Results : The average marginal bone changes of platform-switching implants after 1 year and 2 year were (-0.41 ± 0.36) mm and (-0.55 ± 0.33) mm respectively; and the ones of butt-joint implants were (-1.77 ± 0.54) mm and (-1.82 ± 0.61) mm. The average PES of platform- switched implants after 1 year and 2 year were 10.43 ± 1.37 and 10.32 ± 1.21 respectively; the ones of butt-joint implants were 9.21 ± 0.97 and 9.16 ± 0.95. There were significantly differences of marginal bone changes and PES between both groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion Platform switching implant in the maxillary aesthetics area is more effective in preserving the surrounding bone tissue and aesthetic effect.

One of the primary purposes of the innovative development of ethnomedicines is to use their excellent safety and significant efficacy to serve a broader population.To achieve this purpose,modern scientific and technological means should be referenced,and relevant national laws and regulations as well as technical guides should be strictly followed to develop standards and to perform systemic research in producing ethnomedicines.Finally,ethnomedicines,which are applied to a limited extent in ethnic areas,can be transformed into safe,effective,and quality-controllable medical products to relieve the pain of more patients.The innovative development path of ethnomedicines includes the following three primary stages:resource study,standardized development research,and industrialization of the achievements and efforts for internationalization.The implementation of this path is always guaranteed by the research and development platform and the talent team.This article is based on the accumulation of long-term practice and is combined with the relevant disciplines,laws and regulations,and technical guidance from the research and development of ethnomedicines.The intention is to perform an in-depth analysis and explanation of the major research thinking,methods,contents,and technical paths involved in all stages of the innovative development path of ethnomedicines to provide useful references for the development of proper ethnomedicine use.