In the United States and other Western countries, dry needling has been a topic in academic and legal fields. This White Paper is to provide the authoritative information of dry needling versus acupuncture to academic scholars, healthcare professionals, administrators, policymakers, and the general public by providing the authoritative evidence and expertise regarding critical issues of dry needling and reaching a consensus. We conclude that Dr. Travell, Dr. Gunn, Dr. Baldry and others who have promoted dry needling by simply rebranding (1) acupuncture as dry needling and (2) acupuncture points as trigger points (dry needling points). Dry needling simply using English biomedical terms (especially using "fascia" hypothesis) in replace of their equivalent Chinese medical terms. Dry needling is an over-simplified version of acupuncture derived from traditional Chinese acupuncture except for emphasis on biomedical language when treating neuromuscularskeletal pain (dry needling promoters redefined it as "myofascial pain"). Trigger points belong to the category of Ashi acupuncture points in traditional Chinese acupuncture, and they are not a new discovery. By applying acupuncture points, dry needling is actually trigger point acupuncture, an invasive therapy (a surgical procedure) instead of manual therapy. Dr. Travell admitted to the general public that dry needling is acupuncture, and acupuncture professionals practice dry needling as acupuncture therapy and there are several criteria in acupuncture profession to locate trigger points as acupuncture points. Among acupuncture schools, dry needling practitioners emphasize acupuncture's local responses while other acupuncturists pay attention to the responses of both local, distal, and whole body responses. For patients' safety, dry needling practitioners should meet standards required for licensed acupuncturists and physicians.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; adverse effects ; methods ; standards ; Consensus ; Cooperative Behavior ; Expert Testimony ; Humans ; Myofascial Pain Syndromes ; therapy ; Needles ; standards ; utilization ; Physicians ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Societies, Medical ; standards ; United States

Through consensus, establish a post-marketing scheme and the technical processes to evaluate Chinese medicine's immunotoxicity on a population, as well as its beneficial influences on the immune system. Provide regulations on the collection, storage and transportation of serum samples. This article applies to the post-marketing scientific evaluation of the immunotoxicity of parenterally administered, and for other ways of taking Chinese medicine.
Consensus ; Drug Hypersensitivity ; etiology ; immunology ; Drug Monitoring ; adverse effects ; methods ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; Expert Testimony ; Humans ; Immunologic Techniques ; methods ; standards ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing ; methods ; standards ; Th1 Cells ; immunology ; Th2 Cells ; immunology

At present the sight impairment evaluation in forensic medicine of China is based on the international classification of disease by WHO in 1973. The main measured indicator is "best corrected visual acuity". It is different from "presenting distance visual acuity" in some situations. In the new blindness and vision loss classification made by WHO in 2003, "presenting distance visual acuity" took the place of the "best corrected visual acuity". In the practice of forensic medicine, "presenting distance visual acuity" can not reflect the real visual acuity duo to the exaggeration or disguise of the wounded. We suggest to use "the best corrected presenting distance visual acuity" instead of "presenting distance visual acuity" in order to avoid the influences of the exaggeration or disguise of the wounded.
Activities of Daily Living ; Blindness/diagnosis* ; China ; Expert Testimony ; Forensic Medicine ; Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Vision Disorders/diagnosis* ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Field Tests/standards* ; Visual Fields ; Visually Impaired Persons ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of abdominal penetrating injuries with exploratory laparotomy, as well as to summarize the key points of injury degree, and to supply reasonable reference for the practice and criterion modification in forensic clinical medicine identification. METHODS Fifty-seven cases which were all abdominal penetrating injuries with exploratory laparotomy from July 1990 to February 2011 were retrospectively analyzed including the instrument causing trauma, amount of the hemoperitoneum, the organs of the injury, conclusion of the forensic indentification, and so on. RESULTS There was some correlation between the organ injury patterns, volume of hemoperitoneum and identification conclusion for the abdominal penetrating injury cases with exploratory laparotomy. CONCLUSION The intra-abdominal injury has important effect for the injury degree of the abdominal penetrating injury cases with exploratory laparotomy and should be considered in the practice and criterion modification of these kinds of cases.
Abdominal Injuries/surgery* ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Expert Testimony/standards* ; Female ; Forensic Medicine/standards* ; Hemoperitoneum/pathology* ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Laparotomy/methods* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Wounds, Penetrating/surgery* ; Wounds, Stab/surgery* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and summarize the rule of manual strangulation, as well as to look for the key points of injury identification, in order to provide information for formulating and revising the identification regulations. METHODS: Twenty-one cases of manual strangulation from 1963 to 2004 in Xiangfan were reviewed and analyzed according to the characters, symptoms and appraisements. RESULTS: The majority of assaulters in manual strangulation was young adult male and often could find the counteracted wounds on them. The throttling mark reaction usually could be found in victims and the cardinal symptoms were contusion in throat and asphyxiation in ocular region. CONCLUSION The degree of injuries is mainly moderate and slight. There is some inadaptability in the current regulations.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asphyxia/pathology* ; Deglutition Disorders/pathology* ; Expert Testimony/standards* ; Female ; Forensic Pathology ; Humans ; Larynx/pathology* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck/pathology* ; Neck Injuries/pathology* ; Pharynx/pathology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Trauma Severity Indices ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: In order to improve accuracy of forensic expert conclusion and provide scientific and reasonable accordance for revising identifying criteria for the injury degree, correlation between clinical classification and injury certification of acute closed head trauma were explored. METHODS: A total of 30 cases about acute closed head trauma were selected. Comparison and analysis were made about their differences and the correlation between the clinical classification and the injury degree certification. RESULTS: Mild craniocerebral injury is equal to mild or moderate injury, moderate craniocerebral injury is equivalent to mild or severe injury, severe craniocerebral injury is mostly equivalent to severe injury. CONCLUSION There are some correlation between the clinical classification and the injury certification in acute closed head trauma. It is necessary to refer to the criteria of clinical classification when revising identifying criteria for the injury degree so as to enhance scientific rigor and rationality.
Adult ; Brain Concussion/pathology* ; Expert Testimony/standards* ; Female ; Forensic Pathology/standards* ; Head Injuries, Closed/pathology* ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/pathology* ; Young Adult

Testamentary capacity is one of the civil competences, it means that a natural person enjoys the capacity or qualification to establish testament and deal with his property. Recently, the cases of testamentary capacity assessment of the mentally disordered are increasing. This article firstly introduces the concepts of the testament as well as the testamentary capacity, and then summarizes the assessment standard of the testamentary capacity, by using the Banks v. Goodfellow case as a basis to make the standard criteria including: the understanding of the nature of a will and codicil, the knowledge of the general extent of one's assets, the knowledge of the natural object of one's bounty, the understanding of the impact of the distribution of the assets of the estate, and the absence of a delusion specifically affecting the distribution of the estate. The impact factors of the testamentary capacity, including dementia, mood disorder, schizophrenia, alcohol, drug, and undue influence, etc., are summarized. Lastly, the related assessment tools such as the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Clock-Drawing Test, and the Testament Definition Scale are introduced briefly.
Alcoholism/psychology* ; Dementia/psychology* ; Expert Testimony/standards* ; Forensic Psychiatry ; Humans ; Mental Competency/standards* ; Mental Disorders/psychology* ; Mental Status Schedule ; Wills/legislation & jurisprudence*

When primary injuries caused by penetrating violence and secondary injuries by faulty medical procedures are both present, it is important to distinguish "avoidable" from "unavoidable" secondary injuries. The primary and "unavoidable" secondary injuries rather than the secondary "avoidable" injuries should be included as evidence for assessment of the degree and grade the injuries. The basic principles to assess blood accumulation after injury have been stated in the seventy-two clause of "The Assessment Criterion of Severe Human Body Injury". However, it dose not distinguish abdominal blood accumulation caused by primary penetrating wounds from that resulted from secondary medical procedures. An amendment to the clause might be necessary.
Abdominal Injuries/complications* ; Expert Testimony/standards* ; Female ; Forensic Medicine/standards* ; Hemoperitoneum/surgery* ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Male ; Wounds, Penetrating/complications*

Schizophrenia is the most common in forensic psychiatry. The motive, the style and the consequence of any schizophrene's misdeed have its own particularity. So schizophrenia is significant in the forensic practice. The characteristics of schizophrene's misdeed and the peace breaker's responsibility, competence to stand trial and to serve a sentence werereviewed.
Crime/psychology* ; Expert Testimony/standards* ; Forensic Psychiatry/standards* ; Humans ; Liability, Legal ; Mental Competency/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Schizophrenia

In recent years, mental disability estimation are more than ever in the practice of forensic psychiatric expertise. The standards about mental disability estimation in the Disability Evaluation Criteria of Traffic Accident Injury are ambiguous and difficult to operate, it cause to different understanding in one case. This article discuss some common questions through 3 aspects in mental disability expertise according to some typical cases, there are the first, we should compare the IQ score before and after injurious in intelligence estimate. The second, the mental disability estimation should be done at least one year after the end of medicine treatment. The third, mental estimate scale should be used in mental disability estimation.
Accidents, Traffic ; Adolescent ; Craniocerebral Trauma/psychology* ; Disability Evaluation ; Expert Testimony/standards* ; Female ; Forensic Psychiatry/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Male ; Persons with Mental Disabilities ; Wechsler Scales ; Young Adult