Objectives: ：This study aimed to investigate the effects of anxiety sensitivity and distress overtolerance onposttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and examined the role of brooding and reflection as a mediator. Methods: ：A self-reported data of 216 psychiatric outpatients was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The questionnaires included are Korean Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, Korean version of the Distress Overtolerance Scale, Korean-Ruminative Response Scale, and Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean Version. Results: ：Anxiety sensitivity and distress overtolerance positively predicted PTSS. Also, the mediating effects of brooding in the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and PTSS, and distress overtolerance and PTSSwere significant. Conversely, reflection did not significantly mediate the relationships between anxiety sensitivi-ty or distress overtolerance, and PTSS. Conclusions ：The results drawn from this study highlighted the differential roles of brooding and reflectionin the mediating role. Findings suggest the important role of brooding as a mechanism mediating the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and PTSS, as well as distress overtolerance and PTSS.

OBJECTIVES: Sex hormones exposure during the prenatal period has an effect on cerebral lateralization. Male brains are thought to be more lateralized than female brains. Bipolar disorder was known to show abnormalities in cerebral laterality whose characteristics could be estimated by electroencephalography (EEG) coherences. We studied sex-related differences of EEG coherences between healthy controls and patients with bipolar disorder to examine the sex effects in the genesis of bipolar disorder. METHODS: Participants were 25 patients with bipolar disorder (11 male, 14 female) and 46 healthy controls (23 male, 23 female). EEG was recorded in the eyes closed resting state. To examine dominant EEG coherence associated with sex differences in both groups within five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) across several brain regions, statistical analyses were performed using analysis of covariance. RESULTS: Though statistically meaningful results were not found, some remarkable findings were noted. Healthy control females showed more increased interhemispheric coherences than control males in gamma frequency band. There were no differences in the intrahemispheric coherences between the healthy control males and females. In patients with bipolar disorder, female dominant pattern in interhemispheric coherences was attenuated compared with healthy control. CONCLUSIONS: Sex differences of EEG coherences, which could be a marker for cerebral laterality, were attenuated in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. These results imply that abnormal sex hormone exposure during early development might play some role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.
Bipolar Disorder* ; Brain ; Electroencephalography* ; Female ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Humans ; Male ; Sex Characteristics